And I do hereby enjoin and require all persons bearing office civil or military within or under the authority of the United States, and all others, citizens or inhabitants thereof, or being within the same, with vigilance and promptitude to exert their respective authorities, and to be aiding and assisting to the carrying this Proclamation and every part thereof. into full effect.

suffered, brings the public sensibility to a necessary crisis, and our forbearance to a necessary pause. A frigate of the United States, trusting to a state of peace, and leaving her harbor on a distant service, has been surprised and attacked by a British vessel of superior force, one of a squadron then lying in our waters and covering the transaction, and has been disabled from service, with the loss of a number of men killed and wounded. This enormity Provided nevertheless, that if any such vessel was not only without provocation or justifiable shall be forced into the harbors or waters of the cause, but was committed with the avowed purpose United States by distress, by the dangers of the sea, of taking by force, from a ship of war of the Uni ed or by the pursuit of an enemy, or shall enter them States, a part of her crew, and that no circumstance charged with dispatches or business from their gomight be wanting to mark its character, it had been vernment, or shall be a public packet for the conpreviously ascertained that the seamen demanded veyance of letters and dispatches, the commanding were native citizens of the United States. Having officer immediately reporting his vessel to the coleffected his purpose, he returned to an anchor with lector of the district, stating the object or causes his squadron within our jurisdiction. Hospitality of entering the said harbors or waters, and conunder such circumstances ceases to be a duty: and forming himself to the regulations in that case prea continuance of it, with such uncontrolled abuses, scribed under the authority of the laws, shall be would tend only by multiplying injuries and irrita-allowed the benefit of such regulations respecting tions, to bring on a rupture between the two nations. supplies, stay, intercourse and departure as shall The extreme resort is equally opposed to the in-be permitted under the same authority. terests of both, as it is to assurances of the most In testimony whereof, I have caused the seal friendly dispositions on the part of the Pritish go- of the United States to be affixed to these presents vernment, in the midst of which the outrage has and signed the same.

[SEAL.]

been committed. In this light the subject cannot Given at the city of Washington this second day but present itself to that government, and strengthen of July in the year of our Lord one the motives to an honorable reparation of the wrong thousand eight hundred and seven, and which has been done, and to that effectual control of of the Sovereignty and Independence its naval commanders, which alone can justify the goof the United States, the thirty-first. vernment of the United States in the exercise ofthose THOMAS JEFFERSON. hospitalities it is now constrained to discontinue.

In consideration of these circumstances and of the right of every nation to regulate its own police, to provide for its peace and for the safety of its citizens, and consequently to refuse the admission of armed vessels into its harbors or waters, either in such numbers or of such descriptions, as are inconsistent with these, or with the maintenance of the authority of the laws, I have thought proper in pursuance of the authorities specially given by law, to issue this my PROCLAMATION, hereby requiring all armed vessels bearing commissions under the government of Great Britain, now within the har. bors or waters of the United States, immediately and without any delay to depart from the same, and interdicting the entrance of all the said harbors and waters to the said armed vessels, and to all others bearing commissions under the authority of the British government,

And if the said vessels, or any of them, shall fail to depart as aforesaid, or if they or any others, so indicted, shall hereafter enter the harbors or waters aforesaid, I do in that case forbid all intercourse with them or any of them, their officers or crews, and do prohibit all supplies and aids from being furnished to them or any of them,

And I do declare and make known, that if any person from, or within the jurisdictional limits of the United States, shall afford any aid to any such vessel, contrary to the prohibition contained in this Proclamation, either in repairing any such vessel, or in furnishing her, her officers or crew, with supplies of any kind, or in any manner whatsoever, or if any pilot shall assist in navigating any of the said armed vessels, unless it be for the purpose of carrymg them in the first instance, beyond the limits and jurisdiction of the United States, or unless it be in the case of a vessel forced by distress, or charged with public dispatches as hereinafter provided for, such person or persons shall, on conviction, suffer all the pains and penalties by the laws provided for such offences.

By the President, JAMES MADISON, Secretary of State. The British squadron still continuing in our waters, and the citizens of Norfolk (as did the whole body of the American people as the news reached them) having entered into some spirited resolutions on the subject, and spontaneously seized their arms, among other things forbidding all communication with the hostile ships, J. E. Douglas, the British commodore, in a letter dated on board the Bellona, Hampton Roads, July 3, 1807, addressed to the Mayor of Norfolk, insolently threatened as though he would obstruct the whole trade of the Chesapeake bay and its waters, unless some of these resolutions were "immediately annulled." Richard Evers Lee, Esq. the Mayor, answered him as he deserved-but the brave commodore did not carry his threats into execution, though he suffered his people, at times, to amuse themselves by firing at some of our vessels and robbing a few others. Shortly after (July 5) the president of the United States issued his order to the governors of the several states for the equipment and organization of 100,000 militia. The requisition was almost immediately complied witha greater number of citizens volunteered their services than the quotas of most of the states allowed. The ardor of the people was indescribable; that rancor of party, which, though it embitters social intercourse, may be necessary to the existence of a republican government, appeared lost in the general desire to avenge a common wrong, "At the call of the law, all rallied round the standard of the law, and united in common efforts for the common good."-But some -afterwards began to apologize; and finally, a few openly justified the British admiral, though the act was disproved by his own govern

ment!

In a Halifax paper of June 7, were published the following orders of Admiral Berkeley-being those,under which captain Humphries acted:

"By the Honorable George Cranfield Berkeley, free will, by their own confession. Of the other Vice Admiral of the white, and commander in man taken from the Chesapeake we have no partichief of his Majesty's ships and vessels, employed cular information before us at present. The British in the river St. Lawrence, along the coast of No-said he was guilty of piracy and mutiny, and hung va-Scotia, the Island of St. John and Cape Bre-him-whether he was innocent or not appears ton, the Bay of Fundy, and at and about the isl-doubtful. ands of Bermuda, or Somers' Island. We shall close this account with the proceedings Whereas many seamen, subjects of his Britan- of the court of enquiryt-merely observing, that nic Majesty, and in his Majesty's ships and vessels, the British ministry disavowed the act of admiral as per nargia, (Belleisle, Belona, Triumph, Chi- Berkeley, and for a short time suspended him; he chester, Halifax, Zenobia, cutter,) while at anchor was, however, soon appointed to a more important in the Chesapeake, deserted and entered on board command. By the arrangements entered into by the United States frigate the Chesapeake, and Mr. Erskine, reparation for this outrage, murder openly paraded the streets of Norfolk, in sight of and insult was partially made and accepted-but as their officers, under the American flag, protected his arrangement was disannulled, the assault is yet by the magistrates of the town, and the recruiting anatoned for, and cannot be forgiven or forgotten. officer belonging to the above mentioned American It is of no importance to the question whether the frigate, which magistrates and naval officer refus-men were Americans or not-whether they had ing to give them up, although demanded by his been impressed or entered the British service volunBritannic Majesty's Consul, as well as the captains tarily. A vessel of war is always considered as part of the ships from which the said men deserted- of the territory of the nation to which she belongs; The captains and commanders of his majesty's and the act of Berkeley was, therefore, justly esteemed ships and vessels under my command, are, therefore, as reprehensible as if he had attacked one of our cities hereby required and directed, in case of meeting and after killing & wounding as many as he thought with the American frigate Chesapeake, at sea, and fit, entered the same and carried off some of the citi. without the limits of the United States, to show to zens to fight the battles of "the king, his master." the captain of her, this order, and to require to At a Court of Enquiry assembled on board the search his ship for the deserters from the beforeUnited States ship Chesapeake, in the harbour mentioned ships, and to proceed and search for the of Norfolk and state of Virginia, by order of the same; and if a similar demand shall be made by Hon. Robert Smith, Secretary of the Navy of the the American, he is to be permitted to search for United States, and continued by adjournment any deserters from their service, according to the from day to day, from Monday the 5th day of customs and usage of civilized nations, on terms of October, 1807, until Wednesday the 4th day of peace and amity with each other. November, 1807.

Given under my hand, at Halifax, Nova-Scotia, the 1st of June, 1807.

(Signed)

G. C. BERKELEY.

To the respective captains and commanders of his majesty's ships and vessels, on the North-American station."

Present-Captain ALEXANDER MURRAY, Presi dent, and Captains Isaac Hull and Isaac Chauncey, members thereof.

It appears to the court, that antecedent to the sailing of the Chesapeake, there had been received on board of her some persons who had been claimed by the British government as deserters from ther Three or four persons carried off as deserters service, but who were not ordered to be delivered were certainly proved to be American citizens. Mr. up by the American officers-that there was also a Erskine, the British minister, had applied to the report in circulation, and generally known on board Secretary of State for the delivery of William Ware, the Chesapeake, that a threat had been used by the Daniel Martin, John Strahan, and John Little, captain of the British ship of war Melampus, to alias Francis, and Ambrose Watts, alledged to be take these men from the Chesapeake-that commodeserters from his king's service, and to have enter- dore Barron had full knowledge of the facts that ed on board the Chesapeake frigate. Though the such men were on board his ship, that they had United States did not admit the right to demand been demanded by the British government, and had these men, or feel bound to give them up, supposing not been delivered up, the court are perfectly satis the facts to be as stated, an enquiry was instituted, fied; but no positive evidence has been adduced to and it appeared to captain Barron, that Ware and prove, that the report of the threat above mention. Martin were pressed from the American brig Nep-ed was communicated to him before his ship sailed. tune, by the British frigate Melampus, in the Bay It appears to the court, that the Chesapeake in of Biscay. Strahan, was impressed by the same proceeding from Hampton Roads to sea, passed a wessel from on board a British Guineaman: and, British squadron at anchor in Lynnhaven Bay, who to better his situation, had entered the service at the time of her passing them were making sig. Ware and Strahan had protections-Martin said he nals to each other, which was not only reported to lost his on leaving the Melampus frigate. By sub-commodore Barron by one of the officers, but actusequent testimony on the oaths of many reputable ally observed by himself. persons, it appeared that Ware was born in Allegha- It appears to the court that the British ship of ny county, and Strahan in Queen Ann's county, in war Leopard, of fifty guns, one of the squadron then the state of Maryland. Martin, at 6 years of age, at anchor within the limits of the United States, was brought to Westport, Massachusetts, by Wil- weighed immediately after these signals were liam Howland, supposed from some of the Spanish thrown out and stood to sea. settlements-at 14 years of age he was bound out as an apprentice, and after continuing some time in that capacity, absconded: Little, alias Francis, and Watts, were reported by captain Barron not to have been entered by his recruiting officer. On the trial of Wure, Martin and Strahan, at Halifax, by †We have published only those items which rethe British, they were admitted as Americans, but late immediately to the attack, and its circumdeclare l to have entered the service of their own atances. Barran was finally suspended

It does not appear to the court, that at this time there was any vessel in sight, or any other object o induce her to go to sea, but the Chesapeake.

*British account.

It appears to the court, that at the time the Leo-part of the sixth article of the rules and regulations pard got under weigh, the wind was at south-south for the government of the navy of the United west and therefore fair for her to proceed to sea: States, adopted by an act of the Congress of the but that instead of availing herself of this to clear United States, passed on the 23d day of April, 1800, the land, she hauled by the wind close round Cape entitled "An act for the better government of the Henry, and stood to the southward, under easy sail; navy of the United States." thereby shewing that it was not his intention to get off the land speedily.

It appears to the court that after this the wind became light and baffling, and likely to shift, and came out from the eastward; that when this happened, the Leopard shortened sail, and stood to the eastward,

It appears to the court, that although the Chesa peake might and ought to have been better defended than she was, yet that she was not in a situation at the time of the attack made upon her to have ena. bled so gallant a defence being made as might be expected. Some of her guns were not securely fitted in their carriages, some of her sponges and It appears to the court, that after this the wind wads were too large, few of her powder horns were did come out from about south south east, and that filled, her matches were not primed, some of her the Leopard then having thus got the weather guage, rammers were not in their proper places, the mapreserving it by tacking in shore when the Chesa-rines were neither supplied with enough of carpeake did so in order to get off her pilot, and after tridges, or were those which they had of the proper the Chesapeake again sood off to the eastward, size. None of these circumstances however could that the Leopard wore and bore down for her. have influenced commodore Barron in striking It appears to the court, than when the Leopard his colors, because they were not known to him at came along side of the Chesapeake, an officer was the time. sent from her, with a communication from captai. Humphries, the captain of the Leopard, to commodore Barron, which the latter could not and did not misunderstand, but very correctly concluded to be a demand with which he ought not and could not comply, and one which, if refused, would be enforced if possible.

Malthus on Population.

An Analytical Review of the "Essay on the Principle of Population, by T. R. Malthus, A. M." with some remarks more particularly applicable to the present and probable future state of the United States.

It appears to the court, that although such was No subject can more deservedly engage the the situation and impression of commodore Barron attention of the statistical or political reader; or be at this time, yet that he did not still order his ship more deeply interesting to the philosopher, than to be prepared for action, although ample time was that which embraces the first principles of the rise allowed for that purpose, the British officer being and fall of nations-which opens to his view the detained on board the Chesapeake from 35 to 45 causesof emigration, revolutions, wars, colonizaminutes. tion, &c. and which leads to a clear judgment

It appear to the court, that after the British of the form of government best calculated to secure officer had left the Chesapeake, bearing a positive the happiness of mankind, and thereby conduce to refusal from commodore Barron to the demand the great end of creation.

which had been made by captain Humphries, and Various writers in different ages of the world, after commodore Barron was himself satisfied that have turned their studies and attention to this an attack upon his ship would be made, he did not important subject, among the most celebrated of take prompt, necessary and efficient means to pre- whom may be reckoned 'Lord Hale, Sir James pare his ship for battle. That his first order was Stewart, the count de Buffen, Hume, Chalmers, merely to clear his gun deck, and the second after Price, &c.; but it was reserved for the learned the lapse of some time, was to get his men to quar- author under review to reduce it to a clear and ters secretly without beat of drum; although with perspicuous system. For, though he has modestly such a crew as he had on board, and in such a situ- entitled his work an "Essay," it will be found to ation as the ship then was, it was not to be expected contain so many important facts, introduced with that such orders could be effectually accomplished, a force of reasoning so irresistably conclusive, as to It appears to the court, that the conduct of com- deserve a place among our most finished performmodore Barron during the attack of the Leopard ances. He sets out upon a postulatem which may manifested great indecision, and a disposition to without scruple be admitted, that all living nature negociate, rather than a determination bravely to is constantly tending to excess of increase, but in defend his ship. That he repeatedly hailed the different ratios; otherwise the earth at the present Leopard during her attack upon him-That he moment would have been insufficient to have con. drew his men from their guns to lowering down tained its animate inhabitants. In a very early boats to send on board of the attacking ship-and epoch of the world, philosophers found it necessary that he ordered his first lieutenant from his quarters to direct their enquiries to the means of checking during the attack, to carry a message on board of this excessive increase of the human species beyond the Leopard, at that time firing upon him. those other portions of creation upon which they

It appears to the court, that commodore Barron subsisted; and to this end in many countries whole ordered the colours of the Chesapeake to be struck, families were barbarously put to death, while others and that they were struck, before a single gun of became exiles from home, in search of a precarious any kind was fired from her; and that at the time existence elsewhere. To this tendency in animal they were so struck, her main deck battery was in life to increase beyond the means provided for its a situation which would have enabled the return of nourishment, may be justly attributed a consideraa broad side in a very short time. ble portion of the vice and misery of mankind; The court is therefore of opinion, that the how interesting then to the philanthropist must be Chesapeake was prematurely surrendered, at a the inquiry into the most effectual means of correcttime when she was nearly prepared for battle, and ing or ameliorating those unhappy effects! when the injuries sustained either on the ship or crew did not make such a surrender then necessary; and that for this commodore Barron falls under a

As a preliminary step to this enquiry, our author endeavours to ascertain what would be the natural inorease of population, if left to exert itself with

And

considerations perfect freedom; or, in other words, to what extent exercise of his reason, is led by many procreation would be carried with an indefin it to avoid the distress which he sees produced in mean support; and "what might be expected to others pursuing the dictate of nature, in an early be the rate of increase in the productions of the attachment and marriage. He sees the misery and earth under the most favorable circumstances."-horror of giving existence to beings which he has With regard to the first question, we know of nonot the means to support, and refuses that natural country where all circumstances have combined to inclination for obedience to the great commandment give to population this freedom of exertion; but of our Creator, crescite et multiplicamini. from contemplation of its increase in those coun- when this self restraint is not followed by a vicious tries were the manners are the most simple, and indulgence of the passions in a promiscuous interwhere the fewest obstacles exist, we are induced to course with those abandoned females too frequently believe that the increase of the human species to be met with, it may be considered as the least would very far exceed that of any other. In some evil of the principle of population. of the back settlements of North-America the population has been found to double itself in fifteen years; in other parts of the same country the period of doubling has been fixed at little more than twelve years. Sir William Petty supposes it possible for the population to double itself in ten years. From the census which at different periods has been made by the direction of Congress, it will be seen, that the United States, since their first settlement, have continued to double their population in less than twenty-five years.3 This therefore as being the slowest rate at which any observer has calculated the increase of population, and as being far within the truth, our author has fixed upon as the standard rate of increase, and pronounces, that "population when unchecked, goes on doubling itself every twenty-five years, or increases in a geometrical ratio."

The positive checks to population include every cause which contributes to shorten the natural durations of life; such as all unwholesome occupations, severe labor, and exposure to the seasons; extreme poverty, common diseases and epidemics; wars, plague and famine. These obstacles, under the heads of preventive and positive checks, are all resolvable into moral restraint, vice and misery; and when taken conjunctively, form the immediate check to population asdistinguished from the ultimatecheck produced by famine, or the want of food. The operation of these checks varies considerably in different countries, according to the naturally healthy or unhealthy state of the climate, the vicious or moral customs, and the peaceful or warlike manners of the inhabitants. But in every country the effects of population to excessive increase are constant, and as constantly tend to produce wretchedness and miWith respect to the productions of the earth, or sery among the lower classes of society. When the the means to support the population, it has not been food becomes inadequate to the support of the po found so easy to determine the rate of increase; so pulation, the preventive and positive cheeks will much depends upon the fertility of the soil to be operate with greater force, vicious habits will precultivated, and the melioration of that already vail more generally, and all the causes of premature under cultivation, that we cannot fix it at the same death will continue to operate till population is reratio as the increase of population, which, with theduced to its proper level; comparative plenty must food necessary to support it, would go on to increase be the consequence, population will again increase, in the same proportion ad infinitum. In order how-and the same effects will again succeed. Some exever, to fix upon the most probable rate the aver-cellent remarks upon this vibration of the popula age produce may be taken of those countries tion may be found in Sir James Steuart's Political in which agriculture is studied with the greatest Economy. He compares the generative faculty to assiduity, and in which industry may be supposed to a spring loaded with a variable weight. Our, anreceive its best direction. If we admit the produc-thor, however, without stopping to establish these tions of the earth to be doubled in the first twenty-progressive and retrograde movements, lays down five years; it would be contrary to all experience the following propositions:of the nature of land to suppose, that in the next

thousand

"1st. Population is necessarily limited by the

2d. Population always increases where the means of subsistence increase.

twenty-five years, they would be quadrupled, even ineans of subsistence. under the most favorable circumstances of cultivation; it may be concluded, therefore, that the earth 3d, The checks which repress the superior powcannot be made to increase its productions faste: than in an arithmetical ratio. To shew the effects er of population, and keep its effects on a level with of these two different rates of increase in their the means of subsistence, are all resolvable into mostrongest light, the whole earth may be supposed ral restraint, vice and misery." to contain "a population equal to a The first of these propositions is passed over as million; the human species would increase as the needing no illustration. To establish the two last, numbers 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32. 64, 128, 256, and sub-he conceives it sufficient to take a review of the imsistence as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. In two centuries mediate checks to population in the various states the population would be to the means of subsistence of society of the past and present time. In this review he begins with the lowest state of as 256 to 9." This excessive force of population, therefore, over the means of subsistence, must be society of which we have any knowledge. The kept down by some still more powerful check-inhabitants of Terra del Fuego are represented by The two first books of our author are taken up with captain Cook as being the outcasts of human nathe enquiry into the nature of these checks, and ture, their only food, (said that celebrated voyager) their operation in different countries. He divides was shell fish, and they were destitute of every con them into two general heads: viz. the preventive venience arising from the rudest art.4 be no difficulty then in finding out the checks to and the positive checks. The first, as far as it voluntary, operates only upon man, who in the population in a country sa represented. The saine may he said of the natives of Van Diemen's land, and the islands of Andaman in the East, who have

1

Vide Price's Observ, en Revers. Pay.

2 Vide Polit. Arith.

3 Vide a paper entitled "Facts and Calculations respecting the population of the United States."

There can

4 Vid. Cook's first voyage to observe the transit of Venus over the sun's disk.

been sometimes found upon the shores in the last formed huts, or not unfrequently in the same huts. wretched stages of famines The savage inhabitants Perouse, Cook, Meares, and some other voyagers, of New-Holland are in a very little better situation have observed that at the Nootka sound, they have than those already described. The difficulty and seen more than eight hundred Indians collected in danger which every where attend their search after one hut: the filth and stench of which far exceeded food, and the barbarous customs which precede what issues from the dens of any other known anitheir marriage ceremonies, leave us without sur mals. It may readily be imagined what dreadful haprise why so thin a population should be scattered voc would be made by an epidemic seizing upon a over such an extent of territory. "The condi- people under such circumstances; a whole tribe is tion of the women (says Mr. Collins6) is so wretch-sometimes carried off to a single man: these fruitful ed, that I have often, on seeing a female child borne sources of depopulation might be supposed to leave on its mother's shoulders, anticipated the miseries the means of support in abundance to the surviving to which it was born, and thought it would be a inhabitants, but destitute of the means and ignorant mercy to destroy it." The same historian tells us of the arts of agriculture, and having since the inthat the wife is generally selected from a tribe at en- troduction of fire arms among them, considerably mity with that of her intended husband, who steals reduced the number of wild beasts and game upon upon her when alone, and after beating her to si- which they subsist, we find the population still in lence with a club or stone, drags her on the ground proportion to the food. At the present day this over every impediment, until he reaches his own equilibrium may be produced perhaps by another party, "where a most brutal scene ensues." This cause; the Indians being driven from their former outrage is resented only by retaliation whenever si- lands, by the more powerful whites, to a narrow milar opportunities offer. Thus treated, many of extent of territory, having been obliged to learn from the females never bear children, and those who do, their conquerors something of agriculture, which experience so many hardships and difficulties in supplies to them those means of support which they rearing them, that but a small portion arrives at the had been accustomed to look for in a wider range age of puberty. Children who lose their mothers of uncultivated forests. This progress toward ciwhile at the breast are always buried alive in the vilization would naturally give a spur to procreation same grave with the mother! Besides these causes-which, it might be inferred, would soon produce of depopulation, the frequent and bloody wars an excess of population; but a counterbalance may among these savages, and above all a fatal epidemic, be found in the introduction of inebriating liquors resembling the small pox, which sometimes rages among them, of which they are extravagantly fond, among them with incredible desolation, tend to keep the population down to a level with the very scanty supply of the animal and vegetable productions of the country.

and by the enervating effects of which, vast numbers of them annually perish. Thus is the average population of the American Indians kept upon a level with the average means of subsistence."

The

The American Indians, like most other savages, Among the Islands of the South Sea, particularly are divided into tribes who subsist altogether by in New-Caledonia, the New-Hebrides, and Newfishing and hunting. This mode of living necessarily Zealand, we meet with a savage race of beings who requires a large extent of territory to supply their live almost wholly upon fish, which are to be wants. Each tribe appears to entertain high obtained only at certain seasons of the year, and notions of the right of domain; infringements of who are engaged in a perpetual warfare among which by the hunting parties, are always followed themselves; in New-Zealand, more especially, nei by the most bloody and revengeful wars. These ther men nor women ever walk unarmed; they are violations of mutual sovereignty must take place incessantly on the watch for opportunities to surwhenever the numbers of a tribe increase beyond prise and destroy each other. So strongly does the means of support which the territory allotted this jealousy and revengeful disposition appear, that to them affords. They will of course encroach up- if the humanity of Cook had not deterred him from on the rights of their neighbours, and either be re- listening to the solicitations of the different tribes puised with considerable loss, or by destroying the or hamlets, he might easily have exterminated the proprietors of the invaded land, secure to them- whole race, as each village, by turns, invited him to selves the subsistence they sought. assist in the destruction of some other. Their women are, for the most part, treated more inhabitants are savage in the extreme, and for the like beasts of burden than human creatures like most part addicted to cannibalism, to which it themselves; being compelled to perform the most appears they are instigated as much by inclination menial offices, and execute all the laborious drudge- as by the imperious call of hunger. They devour ry of their domestic economy. The men have been with voracious fury the enemies slain in battle, and represented by some travellers as naturally void of 'tis not uncommon for some of their chiefs to kill all amorous or lustful affections: but the dissolute a slave every moon to gratify his savage appetite. and libertine manners of some of the tribes, and the Captain Cook relates that they ate with considerable early prostitution of the females, would seem to con- greediness the train oil from some seal blubber tradict the opinion. It is certain the women are by which his men were engaged in preparing on the no means prolific, having seldom more than two or shore; he says, "they relished the very skimmings three children, and of those few, all are put to death of the kettle, and dregs of the casks; but a little who she born with any defect of form, which will of the pure stinking oil was a delicious feast."9account for that exemption from deformity observed With such powerful and constantly operating among the American Indians, and ascribed by most 7 Consult Robertson's Amer.ca-the Abbe Raywriters to their peculiar mode of managing their in-nal, and Jefferson's notes on the state of Virginia, tants. The people of a tribe generally reside toge-inll of which are to be found strong arguments in ther, either in small villages composed of a few ill-support of our author's position.

Vid. Vancouver's voyage, and Syme's embassy

Vid. Narrative of captain Cooke's voyage to the Pacific ocean.

9 Voyage to the Pacific Ocean by captains Cooke, Cirke and Gore, Vol. 1, page 130.