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up to that period. The lists are very imperfect, but it appears that in the years 1815, 16, 17, 18, 19, the excess of births above deaths, and the proportion of both to the whole number of the people, is such as to show a great but uncertain rate of increase.

TURKEY IN EUROPE.

Of the population of Turkey nothing is known. Its European territory is stated to contain 7,000,000 of inhabitants; no improbable estimation, considering what is known of Portugal; it is rational to presume that this country has, in fifteen years, increased five per cent., or one million.

From the statement here exhibited, it appears that the inhabitants of Europe have, within the period that has elapsed since the general peace, been augmented by the number of twenty-eight or twenty-nine millions.

XXV. COMPARATIVE ESTIMATE OF THE AMOUNT OF ANIMATE AND INANIMATE FORCE APPLIED TO AGRICULTURE AND THE ARTS IN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. [Abridged from M. Charles Dupin's Work on the Productive and Commercial Forces of France.]

VARIOUS modes have been adopted for estimating the strength of a nation. Riches, number of population, extent of territory, and military force, have been reckoned among the chief elements of a nation's power. These are subject, however, to so many modifications from other causes, that they can hardly be taken separately into the account. The three great branches of human industry in civilized countries, are agriculture, manufactures, and commerce; and a nation is strong in proportion as these are prosecuted with success. This principle may be illustrated by a brief parallel between the productive force of France and Great Britain.

The 31,800,000 inhabitants which now constitute the population of France, are equivalent to a power of 12,609,057 individuals of the male sex, at the age of full vigor. It is a position generally admitted in France, that two-thirds of the population are employed in agriculture; and that a third only is occupied in manufacturing and commercial pursuits. Hence it results that France possesses

A human agricultural power equivalent to that of And a power of industry, manufacturing and commercial, equal to

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8,406,038 laboring men, 4,203,019

Total 12,609,057

Were it not that the industry of man has found the means of calling extraneous force to its aid, its means would be confined to the amount of power above enumerated: but man employs other forces than his own in agricultural labors, and principally that of the horse, of the ass, of the mule, the ox, and the cow; and with the help of these, the animate agricultural force of France has increased to the following sum:

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On making similar calculations of the agricultural force of Great Britain, and stating at 15,000,000, the number of inhabitants of England and Scotland, of whom a third only are employed in agriculture, and the other two thirds in commerce and manufactures, we shall have,

Agricultural force

Artisans of all professions

2,132,446 effective working men. 4,264,893

Total 6,397,339

If we proceed in the same way with regard to Great Britain, as we have done with respect to France, and make a comparative calculation of the power in men, and the power in other animals, engaged in agriculture, we shall find,

Human race

5,000,000 equivalent to 2,132,446 effective laborers. Horses of full growth 1,250,000

Oxen, cows, &c. 5,500,000

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Ireland; approximating estimate

8,750,000

13,750,000

Total 24,632,446
7,455,701

Total for the United Kingdom 32,088,147

Taking the proportion of this total force of 24,632,446 to the human force applicable to agriculture, we find it to be as 12. Whence it appears, that the agriculturists of England and Scotland have discovered the means of creating a force, twelve times the amount of their personal corporeal force, by the use they make of domestic animals; while the additional force obtained through similar means by the French agriculturists does not amount to five times their own. It is calculated that in France there are 46,000,000 hectares of land made to

A hectare contains 10,000 square metres, or 100 ares. An English acre is very nearly equal to 40 ares; therefore a hectare is about 2 acres.

yield produce; so that there is an animate power equal to that of 810 laborers, for the cultivation of every thousand hectares. The total number of hectares of productive land in Great Britain is 21,643,000; so that there is an animate power equal to that of 1138 working men for every thousand hectares. The produce of the land, in the respective countries, is in proportion to the power employed respectively in its cultivation. The case is the same in regard to manufactures.

The human force in France employed in commercial and manufacturing industry, is equivalent, according to the calculations already stated, to 4,203,019 effective working men; to this power must be added that supplied by the use of horses, the number of which is computed at 300,000 employed in transport, for the saddle, in draught, &c. whereby the animate force of France is raised to 6,303,019 power of men.

The human force of Great Britain employed in commerce and manufactures, is equivalent to 4,264,893 effective men; to this power, then, must also be added the power of 250,000 animals, employed in divers works of industry. These will raise the animate force of England and Scotland to 6,014,893; to which there must be superadded the approximating value of 1,260,604 effective men for Ireland: so that the commercial and manufacturing animate power of the United Kingdom must be computed at 7,275,497 laboring men.

The comparative results of the animate forces will be as follows:

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It thus appears, that in considering the animate forces alone, France has the advantage over Great Britain in a ratio nearly of one seventh. But if the superficial extent of the countries be considered, it will be seen, that Great Britain gives subsistence to a much larger animate force in proportion than France.

To these animate powers should be joined also, in the case of both the countries, the inanimate powers, or the force supplied by water, wind, and steam; and the whole productive and commercial manufacturing power of England and France will be ascertained.

The total number of mills in France has been computed by the French authors on statistics at 76,000, of which about 10,000 may be set down as windmills; the total force of hydraulic machines employed for forges, furnaces, and machinery

of every kind, is equal to the third part of that of the 10,000 windmills; the wind, as employed in navigation, is equivalent to the power of 3,000,000 of men; and, lastly, the steamengines in operation in France exceed the power of 60,000 dynames,* equivalent to the power of 480,000 working men turning a winch

It has been calculated also, by the same writers, that besides windmills, hydraulic machines, &c., Great Britain possesses, in steam-engines alone, a moving power of at least 800,000 dynames, the effect of which is equal to the power of 6,400,000 men employed at the windlass. The commercial and manufacturing power of France is, therefore, in proportion to that of Great Britain, as follows:

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Thus, the total of the inanimate force applied to the arts of all descriptions in France, scarcely exceeds the fourth of the same power applied to the same purposes in Great Britain; and the whole animate and inanimate power of Great Britain, applied to manufactures and commerce, is nearly treble the amount of that so applied in France. The agricultural power and the manufacturing and commercial power of the two countries bear a corresponding proportion to the total of the agricultural and manufactured produce, and their value in

commerce.

By comparing the total of the forces of the two countries, we shall have

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A dyname is equal to a thousand kilograms raised to the height of a thousand metres; eight men employed at a winch can in one day raise a thousand kilograms to the height of a thousand metres, or, in other words, can produce a dyname of labor.

130

Sovereign Powers of Europe.

157

If the year 1780 be assumed, and the population of France at that time be taken at 24,800,000, and that of England at 12,500,000, there will remain, by a proximate calculation, the following results.

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Hence it appears that the mean annual increase of effective force in Great Britain, for the last forty-six years, has been three times as great in England as in France.

XXVI. SOVEREIGN POWERS OF EUROPE.

AUSTRIA.

Francis I., Archduke of Austria, born 12 Feb., 1768; king of Hungary and Bohemia, 1 March, 1792; emperor of Austria, 11 Aug., 1804. Charlotte-Augusta, princess of Bavaria, empress, born 8 Feb., 1792.

BAVARIA.

Louis-Charles-Augustus, born 25 Aug., 1756; king of Bavaria 13 Oct., 1825; married 12 Oct., 1810, to Theresa-Charlotte-Louisa-Fred.-Amelia of Saxe-Hildburghausen, born 8 July, 1792.

DENMARK.

Frederic VI., king of Denmark 13 March, 1808; born 28 Jan., 1768; married 31 July, 1790, to Maria-Sophia-Frederic of Hesse-Cassel, queen of Denmark; born 28 Oct., 1767.

FRANCE.

Charles X., born at Versailles, 9 Oct., 1757; king of France and Navarre, 16 Sept., 1824.

Louis-Anthony of France (dauphin), born at Versailles 16 Aug., 1775; married 10 June, 1799, to Maria-Theresa-Charlotte of France (dauphiness), daughter of Louis XVI.; born at Versailles 19 Dec., 1778.

GREAT BRITAIN.

George IV., born 12 Aug., 1762; king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and of Hanover, 29 Jan., 1820.

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