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is supported by the archbishop of that diocese; four are, it is asserted, paid from the secret funds of the Jesuits; the other four are described as monarchical, but of little influence. With respect to the state of public opinion in France, it averages, according to the same authority, among one hundred electors in one college, twenty-five revocable public functionaries, four judges, five advocates, four attorneys, six notaries, three physicians, ten merchants, and forty-three persons of no distinct profession. These latter give forty votes to constitutional candidates; and with eight merchants, two physicians, four notaries, one attorney, two advocates, three judges and revocable functionaries, make in all sixty constitutional votes out of the one hundred.

XXX. RUSSIAN ARMY.

THERE seems to be no public return, from which a precise knowledge of this subject can be obtained. The following summary, from a recent account of Russia, exhibits as accurate a statement as can be made.

Hassel reckoned the Russian army at 558,120 men, to which has been added, since 1806, a national guard, or militia, of 612,000 men, making an efficient force of 1,170,120.

Cromé made the land forces 639,415, in time of war. This was the number said to have been in the army in 1811. After alluding to the 612,000 militia, Cromé says Russia can defend herself with more than 1,200,000 warriors.

For a few years past the Russian army has generally been reckoned at a million of men, though the officers themselves vary in their accounts, some estimating it as low as 800,000, and others as high as 1,200,000.

The population of Russia in 1816, according to Hassel, amounted to 45,526,497.

XXXI. MONEY.

THE origin of the use of money, as a medium of exchange, is hidden in the remotest antiquity. Mention is often made of money in the Scriptures. Abraham paid four hundred shekels of silver for the burial place of Saralı. The shekels of silver, which were used as coin at a later day by the Jews of Palestine, had on one side Aaron's rod in blossom, with the inscription, in Hebrew characters, Jerusalem the Holy; and on the other side

an impression of the vessel in which the manna was preserved in the sanctuary, with the words, Money of Israel. From the New Testament we learn, that, in the time of our Saviour, money was in circulation among the Jews, which bore the heads of the Cæsars.

Money was in use at Argos 894 years before the Christian era. We are told that the Roman copper coins, struck in the time of Servius Tullius, were stamped with animals whose value they represented. Others contained effigies of the divinities, such as Janus and Mercury. The first silver coin was made in Rome in the 485th year from the foundation of the city, and gold coin about the 547th of the same era. On these were first engraved the features of deceased consuls. The head of Cæsar, the Dictator, was the first head of a living person, struck on the Roman coins.

that was

The first money issued by the Popes was about the year 782. Before the tenth century there was no money known in Russia, either native or foreign. This medium of exchange came first to that country from Tartary. Before the fifteenth century silver was so rare in Russia, that the German historian, John de Müller, speaks of towns that were bought for five crowns. The first silver money coined in Russia was in 1485. were first coined there in 1634.

Rubles

The first name of a Doge, which appears on the Venetian coins, was that of Henry Dandolo, who died in the year 1205. The gold ducats, which had been struck in Italy, were the models of the Venetian pieces, called sequins, which appeared for the first time in Venice under the reign of the Doge, John Dandolo, who died in 1580.

The most ancient Swedish money was silver. Gold was not coined before the sixteenth century; and copper was first put in circulation by the Queen Christina. The coins of the ancient Saxon kings are much more common in Sweden, than even in England, which is accounted for from the tribute which was paid for a long time to the Danish kings by the sovereigns of Great Britain.

In England the value of money augmented 18 times from the year 1290 to 1640; and 12 times from 1530 to 1800. The value of silver has increased 30 fold since the Norman conquest. Gold and silver coin began to circulate in Scotland, A. D. 233. The first Gold coin of England was struck in 1087. In the year 1347 a pound of silver was made into 22 shillings; in 1352 it was increased to 25 shillings; in 1414 to 30; in 1505 to 40; and in 1530 to 65 shillings. Copper money was introduced into England in the year 1560. The first Guineas were

coined out of gold brought from the coast of Africa. The Sovereign, a recent English gold coin, contains 20 shillings, or a pound sterling. This term sterling, which is used to designate English money, it is said, was in early times applied to the Germans who lived in England, and as these Germans were much occupied in manufacturing coin, the name of the workmen was transferred to the money itself.

In

The most ancient money, known to have been fabricated in France, is supposed to have been struck by Theodoret, king of Metz, and grandson of Clovis, who died in 547. some collections are found gold sous of Louis the Debonnaire. The first laws in France against counterfeit money were issued by this prince. In 987, when Hugh Capet was proclaimed king of France, there were more than 150 different kinds of money in the country. The florin was an ancient coin of Florence, upon which was represented a flower. It was introduced into France in 1068. Francis the First, in the year 1539, had a project for designating the different kinds of money by the letters of the Alphabet.

Uncivilized nations have various mediums of exchange, which answer the purpose of money. In some parts of Africa blocks of salt are used in this way, and thus become the standard of value for other articles. Small shells also circulate as money. Historians relate, that paper money was issued in China as early as A. D. 997. It was used also in Japan. In modern times it has ceased to circulate in both countries.

XXXII. THE VALUE OF MONEY IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OF EUROPE, ESTIMATED IN DOLLARS AND CENTS.

As the Comparative value of money in different countries is subject to slight and irregular changes, it cannot be precisely fixed for any given time. The following tables are believed to approach as near to it, as the nature of the subject will admit. The asterisks denote, that the denomination to which they are annexed is only nominal, and not represented by any real coin. The fractional parts of the cents are decimals.

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XXXIII.

REVENUES, EXPENDITURES, FINANCE, TRADE, AND MANUFACTURES OF GREAT BRITAIN.

[Abstracted from the Parliamentary Documents.]

1.- Finance.

AN ACCOUNT of the ORDINARY REVENUES, and EXTRAORDINARY RESOURCES, constituting the Public INCOME of the UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN and IRELAND,

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