minutely, he offers a broad view of the historical setting and progress of Christ's life, and the problems it presents. Gilbert and Rhees taken together make an excellent combination for the student's purpose. Dawson (1901) states that his object is "to depict the human life of Jesus as it appeared to his contemporaries, with a purposed negligence, as far as it is possible, of the vexed problems of theology and metaphysics." He rearranges events with great freedom and, though recognizing the miraculous in Christ's life, minimizes it as much as possible. The book is graphically written, but its attitude will hardly please either the devout or the sceptical. Sanday (1905) is the writer of the article on Jesus Christ in "Hastings's Bible Dictionary," and this article has been reprinted as a separate volume with the title "Outlines of the Life of Christ." It is a very able production, replete with the latest scholarship, and it makes us look forward eagerly to the larger work on the same subject in preparation by the author. The average reader will probably find the book too condensed and presupposing too much familiarity with its subject; but the student who is prepared to profit by it will be charmed with its fresh, stimulating and broad treatment of the problems it discusses. Smith (1905), under the title "The Days of His Flesh," treats the life of Jesus along the lines of Edersheim and Farrar, but with much freshness and occasional fancifulness. He prefaces his work with a discussion of the sources, in which he makes the synoptics depend upon the oral tradition rather than upon any earlier documents. The book is an excellent one for the general reader. Schmidt (1905), in "The Prophet of Nazareth," discusses many topics that bear upon the origin of the belief, which he rejects, that Jesus was divine, but devotes only one chapter to an account of the life of Jesus as it may be constructed after discarding all the supernatural. The book is intended for students rather than for popular use, and is the ablest work from a rationalistic standpoint that has been put forth by an English or American author. Garvie (1907) says of his "Studies in the Inner Life of Jesus": "The title indicates the purpose and the method of the book. It is the mind, heart, and will of Jesus as revealed in his words and work that the writer seeks to understand." It is a very careful and illuminating treatment of the questions that arise in connec tion with the chief points in Christ's ministry. The student who has made himself familiar with the details of Jesus' life, and wishes to go further and study their full significance will find this book most helpful and suggestive. It is the work of a scholar who recognizes present-day problems and sets himself sympathetically to aid those who are seeking their solution. The critical introduction, discussing the value of the sources, is also to be commended. ΧΙ "To write the Life of Christ ideally is impossible. And even to write such a Life as should justify itself either for popular use or for study is a task of extreme difficulty." So says Sanday at the close of his Outlines, and he adds: "Great as are the merits of these modern works, there is none (at least none known to the writer) which possesses such a balance and combination of qualities as to rise quite to the level of a classic." Our review of the literature shows that his opinion is well-founded. The demands which a Life of Christ makes upon its author are greater than we can hope to have met by any one man. He must be a profound scholar, a keen critic, an unbiased judge, a master of literary style, and, above all, an earnest, reverent disciple of the Master: the Christ of history is best known through the Christ of personal experience. "Taken as a whole," says Fairbairn, "though it is a whole that admits remarkable rather than weighty exceptions-we may say that the more recent Lives are distinguished by a growing sense of being on firm historical ground, and of using sources that the more they are critically handled can be the more intelligently trusted." This is a great gain, and encourages us to look forward with hopefulness to works yet to be produced. There never was a time when the life of Christ was more eagerly and enthusiastically studied, and when a work upon that subject reached as large a body of careful readers. And though the ideal Life may never be written, we can confidently expect that the present century will give us something better than the past has ever produced. To forecast its form is impossible, but everything indicates that its conclusions concerning the Founder of our religion will be in harmony with the story of the evangelists and the faith of the Christian church. INDEX Abbot, Ezra, place in discovery of the Diatessaron, 90. Abbott, Lyman, Life of Christ, 219. Alexandrian text, 63. Allen, W. C., on authorship of Andrew, Gospel of, 33. Andrews, Life of Christ, 219. Apocalypses, influence on Jewish Apocryphal gospels, 21 ff.; apologetic Apologists, 42; their canon of gos- Apostles, attitude toward miracles, Arabic Gospel of the Infancy, 23. Augustine, solution of synoptic Barnabas, Gospel of, 33. Beecher, Life of Christ, 219. Bezae, Codex, 54; peculiarities, 63 f. Bossuet, on chronology of gospels, Bruce, A. B., on authorship of John, 122; on miracles and trustworthi- Burton, E. D., purpose of Matthew, Canon, meaning of the term, 38; Character of Jesus, the same in all Clement of Alexandria, John the Clement of Rome, possible quotation Codices, origin, 49; description of Councils of the church, action on the canon, 43 f. Crosby, Life of Christ, 219. Dawson, Life of Christ, 221. "Descent into Hades," 23. "Ecce Deus," by Joseph Parker, "Ecce Homo," by J. R. Seeley, Eddy, Life of Christ, 219. Edersheim, description of Talmud, Egyptians, Gospel of, 33. Ellicott, Life of Christ, 219. Ephraem, commentary on the Dia- Ephraemi, Codex, 53. Erasmus, text of N. T., 57. Errors, in manuscripts, 55 ff.; in Ewald, Life of Christ in his History Fairbairn, on Paulus, 191; opinion of Fleetwood, John, Life of Christ, 203. Freer, manuscript of gospels, 65 n. Garvie, A. E., on environment as Grenfell and Hunt, new sayings of Hanna, Life of Christ, 219. Hebrews, Gospel of, 30 ff. Illingworth, criticism of Holtzmann, Irenæus, on authorship of the_gos- Jackson, S. M., on Keim's Life of John the apostle, teacher of Poly- John the Baptist, account by Jo- John the presbyter, 40, 120. 166 f.; analysis, 168; style, 169 f. John 7: 53-8: 11, 32, 81 f. Joseph the Carpenter, History of, 23. Keim, on Paul's account of Jesus, Lake, value of patristic quotations, Lange, Life of Christ, 206. Lecky, on character of Jesus, 179 f. Lewis Syriac version, 75. Lives of Christ, by Abbott, 219; Logia, 112 f.; use in Matthew, 114, Luke, Gospel of, origin, 115; read- Manuscripts, material, 46 ff.; age, his Logia, 112; probably not author Matthew, Gospel of; origin, 114 f.; Messianic proclamations of Jesus, in Mill, John Stuart, opinion of John, Miracles, relation to credibility of |