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Biographical and Historical: Rudyard Kipling was born Christmas week, 1865, in Bombay. After school life in England, he returned to India at the age of seventeen, to do journalistic work. His tales of Indian life and his ballads describing the life of the British soldier won immediate favor. Perhaps he is best known to the boys and girls as the author of the Jungle Books. From 1892 to 1896 he lived in the United States. This poem, which appeared in 1897, at the time of the Queen's Jubilee, struck a warning note against the arrogance of power.

A DEFINITION OF A GENTLEMAN

CARDINAL NEWMAN

It is almost a definition of a gentleman to say he is one who never inflicts pain. This description is both refined and, as far as it goes, accurate. He is mainly occupied in merely removing the obstacles which hinder the free and unembar5 rassed action of those about him; and he concurs with their movements rather than takes the initiative himself. His benefits may be considered as parallel to what are called comforts or conveniences in arrangements of a personal nature: like an easy-chair or a good fire, which do their part in dispelling 10 cold and fatigue, though nature provides both means of rest and animal heat without them. The true gentleman in like manner carefully avoids whatever may cause a jar or a jolt in the minds of those with whom he is cast; -all clashing of opinion, or collision of feeling, all restraint, or suspicion, or gloom, or resent15 ment; his great concern being to make every one at their ease and at home. He has his eyes on all his company; he is tender toward the bashful, gentle toward the distant, and merciful toward the absurd; he can recollect to whom he is speaking; he guards against unseasonable allusions, or topics which may irri20 tate; he is seldom prominent in conversation, and never wearisome. He makes light of favors while he does them, and seems to be receiving when he is conferring. He never speaks of him

self except when compelled, never defends himself by a mere retort; he has no ears for slander or gossip, is scrupulous in 25 imputing motives to those who interfere with him, and interprets everything for the best. He is never mean or little in his disputes, never takes unfair advantage, never mistakes personalities or sharp sayings for arguments, or insinuates evil which he dare not say out. From a long-sighted prudence, he observes the 30 maxim of the ancient sage, that we should ever conduct ourselves toward our enemy as if he were one day to be our friend. He has too much good sense to be affronted at insults; he is too well employed to remember injuries, and too indolent to bear malice. He is patient, forbearing, and resigned, on philosophical prin35 ciples; he submits to pain because it is inevitable, to bereavement because it is irreparable, and to death because it is his destiny. If he engages in controversy of any kind, his disciplined intellect preserves him from the blundering discourtesy of better, perhaps, but less educated minds; who, like blunt weapons, tear and hack 40 instead of cutting clean, who mistake the point in argument, waste their strength on trifles, misconceive their adversary, and leave the question more involved than they find it. He may be right or wrong in his opinion, but he is too clear-headed to be unjust; he is as simple as he is forcible, and as brief as he is 45 decisive. Nowhere shall we find greater candor, consideration, indulgence: he throws himself into the minds of his opponents, he accounts for their mistakes. He knows the weakness of human reason as well as its strength, its province, and its limits.

Biographical: John Henry Newman, 1801-1890, a distinguished Prelate was born in London. He graduated from Trinity College, Oxford, and became noted both as a scholar and a writer. "Lead, Kindly Light,” a poem of rare beauty, was written by him while on a voyage in the Mediterranean Sea. This selection is from his book, "The Idea of a University". He was made a cardinal in 1879.

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a-boon' (à-boon'), Scotch for above. Ab'sa-lom (ǎb'sȧ-lom), p. 87. See

note p. 90.

ab'so-lute (ăb’số-lūt), without

limits or conditions.

any

ab'sti-nence (ab'sti-něns), refraining from certain kinds of pleasures. ab-stract' (ǎb-străkt'), separate. a-byss' (a-bis'), a bottomless gulf. A'ca'die' (a'kȧ'dē), See note p. 249.

ac-ces'sion (ǎk-sěsh'un), coming into possession of.

ac-cord' (ǎ-kôrd'), blend.

ac-cost' (a'kost), approach; speak to. ac-cu'mu-late (ǎ-kü'mû-lāt), collect;

store up.

ac'cu-ra-cy (ǎk'û-rå-sĩ), exactness. accu-rate-ly (ǎk'û-rât-li), precisely. ac'qui-es' cence (ǎk' wi-és ĕns), yielding or agreeing.

a

Act of Nav'i-ga/ tion (act of năv'igā shun), an ordinance passed by the British Parliament for the American colonies by which goods were to be imported to the colonies free of duty for a period of years, provided all goods were sent out of the colonies in British ships. ad'a-mant (ăd'ȧ-mănt), a stone of extreme hardness.

a-dapt' (a-dăpt'), fit; change to suit. A-da'yes (a-dā'yēs), an early settle

ment in southwestern United States. ad'dled (ǎd''ld), rotten; confused. ad'e-quate (ăd'ê-kwât), fully sufficient. ad-her' ence (ǎd-her'ĕns), steady attachment.

ad-her'ent (ăd-her'ĕnt), clinging; a follower.

a-dieu' (à-dū'), good-by, farewell. ad-just' (ǎ-just'), fit; to put in order. ad-min'is-ter (ăd-min'is-ter), manage

or conduct (public affairs); tender an oath.

ad'mi-ral (ăd'mi-rǎl), a naval officer of the highest rank. a-do' (å-doo'), trouble, fuss. A-do'nis (a-do ́nis), in Greek mythology, a youth of marvelous beauty.

a-dop'tion (ȧ.dop'shun), See note p. 102.

acceptance.

a-drift' (å-drift'), floating at the mercy of the wind and waves.

ad vent (ǎd'věnt), coming, approach. ad'ver-sa-ry (ǎd'vēr-så-ri),

posed, a foe.

one

op

ad' verse (ăd'vērs), contrary. a-ë'ri-al (ā-ē'ri-ăl), pertaining to the air; lofty.

Aer'shot (är' skot), the town Aerschot in Belgium, 23 miles northeast of Brussels.

af'fa-ble (ǎf'å-b'l), friendly, gracious. af'fec-ta' tion (ǎf'ěk-ta' shun), an attempt to assume what is not natural or real.

af'fi-da' vit (ǎf'i-da, vit), a sworn statement in writing.

aft (åft), near or towards the stern of a vessel.

Ag'as-siz (ǎg'ȧ-se), a celebrated Swiss-American naturalist

who

came to the United States in 1846. He was professor of geology at Harvard.

ag-gression (ǎ-grěsh'un), attack. a-ghast' (a-gast'), terrified.

ag'i-tate (ǎj'i-tāt), stir up; discuss. a-gog' (ȧ-gog'), eager.

ag'o-ny (ǎg ô-ni), great pain. aid' de-camp' (ad dê-kămp';

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kän'), an officer who assists a general in correspondence and in directing movements.

Ai'denn a'den), paradise (from the Arabic word for Eden, used by Poe for the sake of the rhyme). Aix (āks), a city in Prussia, founded by the Romans and a favorite residence of Charlemagne. Aix-laChapelle (āks la-sha'pěl'), is the French name and Aachen the German.

a-kim'bo (ȧ-kim'bō), with hand

on

the hip and elbow turned outward. a-lac'ri-ty (ȧ-lǎk'ri-ti), cheerful readiness.

A-lad din (å-lăd'în), in the "Arabian

Nights' Entertainments," the possessor of a wonderful lamp with magic charms.

a-lar'um (à-lăr'ŭm), an old form for alarm.

Al' bi-on (ǎl'bi-ŭn), an ancient name of England.

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Allah (ǎl'là), in the Mohammedan faith, the name for God.

Al-la'hu (ål-lä'hoo), probably a Persian ejaculation.

all-be-set' ting (ôl-bê-sět'ing), rounding on all sides.

sur

al-lege (ă-lěj'), declare; affirm. al-legiance (ă-le jans), loyalty. al'le-go-ry (ǎl'ê-go-ri), description of one thing under the image of another; parable.

al-li' ance (ǎ-li'ǎns), union of interests; league.

al-loy (ǎ-loi'), a baser metal mixed with a finer.

al'oe (ǎl'ō), a fragrant plant growing in warm climates; the American aloe is the century plant.

al'ter-a' tion (ol'ter-a shun), making different; change.

an

al-ter'nate-ly (ǎl-ter'nāt-li), by turns. al-ter'na-tive (ǎl-tûr'na-tiv), a choice between two or more things. a-main' (a-man'), with full force. am'a-ranth (ăm’ä-rănth), imaginary flower supposed never to fade. Am'ba-ar en (ăm'ba-är ĕn), p. 174. am-bas' sa-dor (ăm-băs'ȧ-der), a minister representing his ruler or country at a foreign court.

am-bi'tion (ăm-bish'un), desire for honor or power. am-bro'si-al

(ăm-bro’zhi-ăl), pertaining to the fabled food of the gods, which immortalized them. a-mendment (ȧ-měnd'měnt), a change

for the better; a change in a bill or motion by adding or omitting. a'mi-a-ble (a'mi-à-b'l), lovable, goodnatured.

a-mid'ships (ȧ-mid'ships), in the middle of a ship. a-mor'pha (ȧ-môr'få),

a plant

be

longing to the pea family and having blue-violet flowers. am'phi-thea-tre (ăm'fi-the ȧ-ter), an oval or circular building with rising tiers of seats about an open space.

am'ple (ăm'p'l), abundant; full. A'mun (ä'mon), an Egyptian deity

generally represented as a ram. ancho-rite (ǎn'kô-rīt), one who renounces the world and secludes himself, a hermit.

and' i'rons (ǎnd i'urnz), metallic stands to support wood in a fireplace. an ec-dote (ǎn'ěk-dōt), a short narrative of some particular incident.

Angel of Death.
Angel of Death. See Exodus, chapter

Angel of the backward look; memory. An ge-lus (ǎn'jê-lŭs), the bell tolled in the morning, at noon, and in the evening to tell the faithful the time for prayer.

An’gus (ăn′gus). See note p. 95. an'nals (ăn'alz), historical records. a-non (a-non'), in a little while. an-tic'i-pate (ǎn-tis'i-pāt), count upon in advance; foresee. an-tique′′ (ăn-têk’), old.

an-tiqui-ty (ăn-tik' wi-ti), great age. ap'a-thetic (ǎp'ȧ-thětik), without feeling.

ap'a-thy (ǎp'a-thĩ), lack of feeling. a'pex (a'peks), summit; point. a-pol'o-gy (å-pŏl'ô-jï), an acknowledgment for some injurious act; an

excuse.

Ap-o-lo'ni-us (ǎp-pō-lō'ni-ŭs), a philosopher and wonder-worker who lived at about the same time as Christ. a-pos' tro-phe (ȧ-pos'trô-fê), a speech or address to some person or thing absent or present. Apostrophe to the Ocean, p. 71.

ap-pall'ing (ǎ-pôl'ing), terrifying. ap-parel (ǎ-păr ěl), clothing.

ap-parent (å-pâr'ĕnt), clear, plainly to be seen.

ap-peal'ing (ǎ-pēlʼîng), calling for aid or sympathy.

ap'pre-hension

(ặp’rê-hěn/ shun),

taking hold of; anxiety. ap-prise' (ǎ-priz'), inform. ap pro-ba' tion

a

(ǎp'rô-bā' shun), lik

ap

ing; consent. ap-prox'i-mate (ǎ-prok' si-måt), proach; nearly exact. ar'a-besque/ (ǎr'å-běsk), a kind of ornament, brought to high perfection by Arabian artists and consisting of lines, figures, fruits, flowers, and men variously grouped. A-rach'thus (a-rak'thus), the ancient name of a river in Greece; modern Arta.

ar bi-ter (är bi-ter), one appointed to determine a controversy; umpire. ar'chi-tect (är'ki-těkt), one who is skilled in planning, designing, and constructing buildings.

Ar-dennes' (är-děn'). See note, p. 79. ar'dent (är'děnt), burning; passionate. ar'dor (är'der), heat; zeal.

ar'du-ous (är'dû-us), hard, difficult. a-re'na (ȧ-re'nå), the sanded area in the central part of a Roman amphitheater.

ar'go-sy (är'go-si), a large merchant vessel.

ar'gu-ment (är'gu-měnt), proof or

reasons in a controversy.

Ar-ma'da (är-mā'då). See note, p. 74. ar'ma-ment (är'må-měnt), arms, ships and other equipment for war. a-ro'ma (a-rō'má), fragrance; a spicy perfume.

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fame.

de

as'pho-del (ǎs fô-děl), a lily, in Greek mythology the special flower of the dead. The English daffodil is derived from this Greek word. as'pi-ration (ăṣ'pi-rā' shun), strong wish, high desire.

as-sail' (ǎ-sal'), attack violently. as-sail'ant (ă-sál'ănt), one who attacks.

as-sault' (ǎ-sôlt'), a violent attack. as-sem'blage (ă-sem'blaj), a company of people gathered together. as'si-dui-ty (ǎs'ĭ-dū ĭ-ti), attention; industry.

constant

as-sid'u-ous (ǎ-sid u-us), busy; persevering.

as-sign (a-sin'), give over.

As-syr'i-a (ă-sir i-à), an ancient state in Asia, east of the Tigris river. a-stern' (a-stûrn'), in the rear part of the ship.

as-tound'ing (ăs-tound'ing), astonishing.

a-sun'der (a-sun'der), apart. Atch'a-fa-la/ ya

(ǎch'à-fa-liȧ),

an

outlet of the Red and Mississippi rivers in southern Louisiana. a-tilt' (a-tilt'), balanced lightly. At-lantic Monthly, a magazine first published in 1857, with Lowell as editor.

at-tain' (ǎ-tan'), reach; accomplish. at-taint (ă-tant'), corrupt; disgrace. at-ten/ u-at'ed (ǎ-těn' ù-at'ĕd), thinned, slender.

at'ti-tude (ǎt'i-tud), position; feeling. at-tribute (ǎ-trib'út), give; refer. at'tri-bute (ǎt'ri-būt), characteristic ; quality.

au-dac'i-ty (ô-dăs'i-ti), boldness. au'di-ble (ô'di-b'l), capable of being heard.

au'di-tor (ô'di-ter), a hearer.

au-gust' (ô-gust'), majestic; solemn. au-ro'ral (ô-rō'rǎl), pertaining to the dawn, rosy.

aus-tere (ôs-ter'), severe. aus-ter'i-ty (ôs-ter'i-ti), severity; severe simplicity. au-then'tic (ô-then'tik), true; genuine.

au'to-crat

ruler.

(ô’tô-krăt), an absolute

a-vail' (å-vāl'), help; be of use.

A've Ma-ri'a (ä'vā mä-rē ä), Hail Mary, first words of a Roman Catholic prayer to the Virgin Mary. The words are those of the Angel Gabriel, prayer is called the

hence the Angelus.

a-venge ' (à-věnj'), punish in order to execute justice.

a-ver'sion (å-vûr'shun), dislike. a-vert' (a-vûrt'), turn aside.

a-wry' (å-ri'), turned or twisted; crooked.

aye and a-non' (ã and ȧ-non'), continually.

A-zores (ȧ-zōrz'), a group of islands in the Atlantic belonging to Portugal, and 800 miles west of it.

az'ure (ǎzh'ür), the clear blue color of the sky.

Ba'al (bā'ǎl), the supreme god of the Assyrians, p. 75.

Bab'y-lo nish jargon (băb'ĭ-lō nish), unintelligible language. See story of the "tower of Babel.' Gen. XI. bac'cha-nal (băk'ȧ-năl), a carouser; a follower of Bacchus, the god of wine.

Bac-chant'es (bå-kȧn'těz), priestesses of Bacchus, the god of wine. bairn (bârn), Scottish

name

for

a

child. Ba'la-klava (bȧ'lå-klä vȧ), a city in the Crimea on the Black Sea. bal'dric (bôl'drik), a broad belt worn over the shoulder and under the opposite arm.

bal lad (bǎl'ăd), a short poem telling a story.

balm (bäm), anything that soothes pain.

balm in Gilead (bäm in gil'ê-ăd), a biblical expression meaning comfort or healing. balm'y (bäm'i), mild; soothing;

fragrant.

ban’dit (băn’dit), an outlaw. bane'ful (ban'fool), injurious. Ban’nock-burn (bắn ük-burn), a bat

tlefield in Scotland upon which Robert Bruce defeated the English. Bap'tiste Le-blanc' (bȧ'tēst le blän'). See p. 224.

bar (bär), the legal profession.
bard (bärd), a poet.
barge (bärj), a boat.

ba-rom'e-ter (bȧ-rom'ê-ter), an instru-
ment for determining the weight or
pressure of the atmosphere.
ba-rouche' (bȧ-roosh'), four-wheeled
carriage, with a falling top, and two
double seats on the inside.

bar' rack (băr'ȧk), a building for soldiers, especially when in garrison. bar'ri-er (băr'i-er), an obstruction or limit.

bask (bask), warm; lie comfortably. baste (bast), drip fat on meat in roasting.

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