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Ma. Salt is procured from sea-water, salt springs', or mines'. When made from sea-water or salt springs', the water is collected into open, shallow vats', and exposed to the rays of the sun; the heat draws of the watery parts in the form of a vapour, and leaves the salt'; this is collected', cleansed', and made fit for use'; or the water is sometimes boiled away in kettles,' and the pure salt is lelt`.

Jane. You said', Ma', that it was procured from mines'; where are the mines?

Ma. They are found in various parts of the world. The most noted are in Cracow in Poland'. In America, there are said to be whole mountains of pure rock salt'; one of which will afford enough to supply the whole world for a thousand years'.

ARITHMETIC.-LESSON 27.

Of Mixed Nunbers.

In the foregoing operations of division, several small remainders have been left which are called fractions. They are in fact a part of the dividend, and their value is determined by the divisor, which in reference to the remainder, may be regarded as unity; for as often as the divisor is had in the dividend, so often is unity placed in the quotient. Hence, remainders are fractional parts of unity, or one. They are expressed thus: 1, 1, 1, ì, 3, 4, 4, 18, 17, 11%, &c. These are vulgar fractions. When the fraction is expressed with the whole number, they are together, called mixed numbers, thus: 31, 41, 53, 11, 167, 1333. In vulgar fractions, the smaller or upper term is called the Numerator, and the lower term or larger, the Denominator.

3

327

27 130

They are read thus: 1, one fourth; }, one half; 2, two fourths; , one third;, three fifths; 163, sixteen, seven ninths, or less than 17.

GRAMMAR.-LESSON 28.

Exercises in Parsing.

RULE 11. Relative pronouns must agree with the nouns to which they relate in person, number, and gender, as: the boy who reads with you, speaks well.

In this example, who, is a relative pronoun, referring back to the noun boy for its antecedent, and agreeing with it in person, number and gender, rule 11, and is the subject of the verb reads.

Mary, whom you teach, loves her book. The man who rode with you is a friend. Those whom we love, your friends

love. The things which are sinful, do not.

Who reads this

lesson? Which of you will read? Where is the book which Joseph gave you? What is your name? Whom sees he? Whom did he marry? What wants he? Whom love you? Which is hers? Whose pen is this?

Which book is yours?

Who loves his book? What have they done?

SPELLING. LESSON 29.

can-dy kǎd'dē
can-ker kǎng kur
can-non kǎn'nun

cap-tain kǎp'tin
cap-tious kăp'shus
cap-tive kǎp'tiv
cap-tor kaptur
cap-ture kap'tshūre
car-at kărăt

cal-ice kal'is

cal-id kǎl'id

cal-let kǎl'lět

cal-lous kǎl'lus

can-not kǎn ́nõt

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car-ol kărul

can-tle kǎn't]

car-rot kăr rut

cant-let kant/lit
can-to kǎn'tō

car-ry kăr re

can-ton kǎn'tun

cas-sock kǎs'suk
cast-er kast'ur

can-vass kǎn'văs

cas-tle kǎs'sl

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Mary. Ma', do

and mountains.

READING. LESSON 30.

Salt, Salt-peler, Sc.

tell us something more about the salt mines' Does not the rain dissolve them'?

Ma. The mines', my child', are deep under ground`; and in • that at Cracow, there are houses', chapels', and streets of pure rock salt', which', when illuminated', present a most beautiful scene'.

Jane. How astonishing, Ma'! It must be beautiful indeed`. Ma. There are several kinds of salt. But the common salt of which we have been speaking is the most useful of all the saline substances. Though some of the other kinds are equally capable of resisting putrefaction', there are none so friendly and agreeable to the taste' and the stomach. It is pleasant not only to us', but all animals show a fondness for it.

Jane. Has salt any other uses', Ma', besides those of giving flavour to food and preserving it in a wholesome state'?

Ma. Many other uses', my child'. It is used to glaze or vitrify the surface of pottery. This is done by throwing a quantity of it into the furnace where the clay is baking'; it is there volatilized by the heat', in which state it applies itself to the surface of the pottery`.

Mary. Volatilized', Ma', what does that mean?

Ma. It means that the coarser parts are drawn off in the form of a vapour. Common salt is used in making glass'; it renders it whiter' and clearer'.

Mary. How pleasing it is to know all these things!! Pray', Ma', is sall-peter a preparation of common salt'?

Ma. It is not'; salt-petre', or', more properly', nitre', is sometimes found in its native state, perfectly pure'; but it is more generally mixed with earthy substances. This is also used in glass making'; and likewise in making powder. It is highly inflammable'.

Mary. Here comes the candles! Well', my work is done', and after supper, comes the Geographical game'. To-morrow we'll ask Ma about gun-powder.

ARITHMETIC.-LESSON 31.
Addition of Mixed Numbers.

RULE. In fractions, add the numerators into one sum, and divide by the denominator; set the remainder under the column of fractions, and carry the quotient to the whole numbers.

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OBS. When, one half is used for 2, two fourths, in the same column with fourths, it must be regarded as 2.

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RULE 12. The Relative Pronoun is the subject of the verb. when no subject comes between it and the verb; as: the man who teaches you pleases your parents.

In this example, who, is a relative pronoun, agreeing with its antecedent man, in the third person, singular number, masculine gender, agreeably to rule 11, and is the subject of the verb teaches, rule 12, for no subject comes between it and the verb.

The girl who wrote that copy is absent. The moon which rose last night, round as my shield, had not yet filled her horns. The tree which bore this fruit, bears more. The pen that is lost, was mine. The house that was burnt was his. OBS. When a subject does come between the relative and the verb, then the relative is in the possessive case, and is governed by the thing possessed; or it is in the objective case, and governed by a transitive verb, a present participle, or a preposition, as: the friends whom she loves, they respect.

Here, whom, is a relative pronoun, agreeing with its antecedent friends, in person, number and gender, rule 11, and the object of the transitive verb loves, rule 3, because the pronoun she, comes between it and the verb, rule 12.

He whom you saw, walked off. The man whose house was burnt, built another. He who made me, whose I am, and whom I serve, will keep me.

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Gun Powder, Discharge of a gun, Charcoal, &c.

Mary. Now', ma', I hope you will favour us with an account of gun powder; I have thought of it several times today`.

Ma. I will, my dear'. Gun powder is made of nitre', sulphur, and charcoal. The proportions of these are very unequal', by far the largest part is nitre.

When a gun is charged with powder and bail', it is dischar ged by pulling the trigger. This causes the flint which is fixed in the lock, to strike against the steel pan', and produce sparks of fire. The fire instantly catches the sulphur'; this

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again inflames the charcoal'; then the nitre mixed with them becomes strongly heated and the enclosed air expanded'; this forces the charge from the mouth of the musket with amazing velocity and a thundering noise). The whole is the work of a

moment.

Jane. I think I understand you. But the cannon which we saw in the Park', was let off by a match or lighted torch`. They are too large for locks I suppose'. Pray what is charcoal?

Ma. It is wood heated to a coal, or charcoal. The wood is cut to a proper length', then put up in stacks and covered with turf, coated with a plaster of thick mud. A few air holes are left, in which fire is placed'; and when once on fire, these are partially stopped', and the wood left to roast`.

Jane. If no air was admitted' the fire would not burn': this we daily prove by our common fires'.

Ma. At the end of two or three days', the wood becomes charred'; the air holes are then completely closed' and the fire goes out'.

ARITHMETIC.-LESSON 35.

Subtraction of mixed numbers.

RULE. Place the given terms as in whole numbers, and borrow when necessary, and carry for the number that equals the denominator.

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OBS. Who, as a relative, is applied to persons only, unless in the possessive case; then it may apply to things.

Which, as a relative, is applied to the brute creation, and to inanimate objects.

That, as a relative, may be applied either to persons or things when it becomes necessary to avoid the repetition of who, or which.

As, when used in connexion after such, takes the place of a relative pronoun, in preference to who, which, or that.

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