were depofited: it would also have been of a smaller fize, as was that of Patroclus; whereas, this is of a magnitude which is not equalled by thofe called the monuments of the other two friends, even if taken together. With the fame wantonness, and without the fhadow of foundation, a tumulus on the shore ftill farther fouth, is called that of Peneleus the Boeotian. He is faid by Homer to have fallen at Troy; but there is still extant the epitaph on his tomb on the banks of the Cephifus, in his own country. (An tholog. ed. Steph. 499.) On that point of land which is called the Rhetean Promontory, though at the diftance of a mile from the fea, may be found a tumulus which is faid to be that of Ajax. In order to difprove this affertion, nothing more is requifite than the flighteft examination of the barrow itfelf, which we shall find to confift of the foundations and rubbish of a building, and which, from the arches that remain, and the quantity of cement fcattered about, certainly cannot be confidered as anterior to the fubjection of the country by the Romans; though Chevalier, in the total absence of all architectural knowledge, has adduced the mode of building as a proof of its vaft antiquity.

Mr Gell (plate 17.) gives us a reprefentation of what he calls the tomb of Ilus, and talks with great certainty about its identity with the tomb mentioned by Homer. Mr Chevalier, however, is doubtful if any traces remained; and Mr Morritt fairly confeffes that he could find none; but Mr Gell not only discovers this monument, but difcovers it in a fituation where it is not placed by Homer, and confequently where it never could have exifted, viz. between the junction of the rivers and the fea. Now Homer, in the twenty-fourth book, makes Priam pafs the tomb of Ilus before he allows his mules and horfes to drink at the river. But as this part of the plain is annually flooded, if any fuch tumulus had existed, it muft neceffarily have been long fince destroyed; and Mr Gell has probably been deceived by fome irregularly fhaped mounds of fand, of which there are feveral in the neighbourhood. With equal acuteness of fight, our traveller has difcovered Batieia or the tomb of Myrinną, although it has eluded the researches of former writers; but, indeed, Homer's appellation of a zoλwn, a high and pointed hill, would feem to render it fufficiently obvious. This is, however, too clear for Mr Gell; and accordingly, we find him afferting that a very low mound, and not of a conical shape, is the Batieia of Homer!

If Mr Gell, however, has the advantage of Chevalier and Morritt with regard to the tomb of Ilus, he very handsomely yields the pas to the former of these gentlemen with regard to the monument of Efyetes. Mr Chevalier is perfectly confident that

a hillock called Udjeck Taphè muft have been that monument, because the space between the promontories can be distinctly feen from it. Mr Gell, however, is by no means fo pofitive; for he tells us, that of all the monuments now exifting, that of Udjeck has the best title to the name of Efyetes according to Homer, if that near Tchiblak be excepted.' This beft title, then, is only fecond beft; and a fecond beft title to identity is what, we acknowledge, we do not understand.

There is yet a paffage in Homer, which, we think, muft be very perplexing to the travellers, in their identification of the monuments. Neftor, in the third book of the Odyffey, diftin&tly tells Telemachus, that Achilles, Ajax, Patroclus, and Antilochus, were buried where they fought. Now, where was that? Aigi su μéyα Пgiausio avaxlos-around, as we fhould tranflate it, the great city of king Priam-hardby, befide, at, as the travellers choose to render it. But it appears from Mr Gell's map, that the monuments in question are nine miles from Bournabachi; and from Mr Chevalier's, that they are more than ten.

From the statement which we have made, our readers, we truft, will be in fome degree enabled to judge of the value of Mr Gell's publication; for, if they think him entirely miftaken concerning the fcene of action of the Iliad, it is not likely that they will very readily pay ten guineas for his descriptions and drawings of Bournabachi and its environs. We are ready to bear testimony to the general accuracy of the delineations; and yet we cannot help being aftonifhed, that he should have collected the materials of his book,-that he fhould have obferved, read, reafoned, defcribed, and drawn, in three fhort winter days, more than we, fluggish children of the North, should have expected him to have done in as many months. But Mr Gell did all this, and much more. He went through the common duties of an English morning toilette; brufhed his teeth every day, to the astonishment of the Turks; performed his ablutions with a fcrupuloufnels worthy of a Muffulman; drank his Mufcatel white wine took angles; made a map; forced his way into the apartment of the women; occafioned the Aga a terrible fit of jealoufy; and went to a wedding at the Afiatic caftle of the Dardanelles, where two men, dreffed like devils, fought with torches, and where a hideous African black carried off many trophies and great applause.

The plates, which we are told are accurately copied, prove that Mr Gell is a tolerable draughtfman; though we could have fometimes wifhed, that the fky and the water had not been fo very blue, and that the fields and the trees had not been so very green.

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To elegance of ftyle Mr Gell difclaims all pretenfions; and we readily acquit him of it. Where did he learn to write knowls and fplafbes, for knolls and plafbes?

We fhall now conclude this article with expreffing a hope, that if any future traveller publifh an account of the Troad, he will not dream of what he is to difcover before he goes there, like Mr Chevalier; that he will not forget to make his map on the spot, like Mr Morritt; and that he will not do every thing in a hurry, like Mr Gell: We believe we need not caution him not to drink of the warm fpring of Bournabachi, without having a thought of Homer in his mind.

ART. II. Hints to the Manufacturers of Great Britain on the confequences of the Irifb Union, and the Syftem fince purfued, of bor rowing in England for the fervice of Ireland. By the Earl of Lauderdale. pp. 51. 8vo. Edinburgh, Conftable & Co. London, Longman. And Manchester, Thomfons. 1805.

ALTHOUGH, in this tract, Lord Lauderdale difcuffes a practical fubject of political economy, yet he carries on the argument by appeals to the general principles of the science. There is a confiderable degree of force and precifion in his manner of ftating the question; and the reafoning has no connexion with the erroneous doctrines contained in his larger work. The author may even deferve praife for adducing a new argument upon a topic already well confidered; and the applaufe due to ingenuity would certainly be his, if real ingenuity could exift without folidity. We do not by any means affert, that in the tone and temper of his obfervations a fpirit of faction can be difcovered; but we conceive that the workings of this principle may be traced in the plan of the piece, and that no feelings, lefs ftrong, could Have made a perfon, fo well acquainted with the fcience as Lord Lauderdale, forget the most undifputed doctrines of political economy; nay, appeal to the most exploded errors of the older fyftems, fo uniformly as he has done in the conftruction of these Hints.' We purpose to lay before our readers an abstract of the argument, and a brief expofition of its fallacy. The title of the pamphlet might give fome ground for expecting a general attack upon the Union; but the noble author confines himfelf entirely to one of its fuppofed confequences-the practice of raifing in England the loans required for the Irish fervice.

Our author begins by drawing a parallel between the history of civil liberty, and of the freedom of trade. The former is now

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no longer in danger from violent exertions of Royal authority, nor the latter from direct prohibitions and grants of monopoly. But as the one may be undermined by the milder and more fubtile exercise of influence, fo may the other, according to Lord Lauderdale, be gradually impaired by the commercial and financial arrangements which are conftantly innovating our economi cal fyftem. The freedom of trade, he obferves, is the birthright of Englishmen; and he gives an appendix of quotations from Lord Coke, and C. J. Fortescue, to illuftrate this point-with a lift of the statutes by which that invaluable privilege is fecured. The concluding fentence of the pamphlet, too, fums up the whole argument, by ftating, that if the prefent fyftem be purfued, our manufacturers will discover, that the freedom of trade which Lord Coke pronounced to be their birthright, and which is guarded and recognized by fo many ftatutes, has been imperceptibly, but effectually, cramped and impaired by the financial arrangements between England and Ireland.' p. 47.

It must be remembered, then, that our author holds the freedom of trade to be ftruck at by the practice of borrowing in England for the fervice of Ireland; and we are now to see how this practice produces fuch an effect.

The remittances made from Ireland to the abfentees, exceeded 136,000l. at the time of the revolution; and this fum, in 1729, had increased to 627,000l. Our author contends that the nonrefidence occafioned by the Union and other circumstances, muft have augmented thofe remittances, between the year 1729 and the prefent period, at least in the proportion above stated of 136 to 627. Hence he infers, that the fum of 2,890,ocol. is the fmalleft fum which we can admit to be the amount of absentee remittances at this day. But, befides the remittances for absentee expenditure, the practice of borrowing in England for the Irish fervice, occafions a remittance of a million and a half to London. The whole fum, then, which (to ufe Lord Lauderdale's expreffion) must now annually be fent over from Ireland to Great Britain, without any return, amounts to 4,390,000l.; nay, as the practice in question is continued, and as the abfentee eftates rife in value, the amount of this remittance must increase. Now, the excess of exports above imports in Ireland, is about 1,400,000l. according to Lord Lauderdale's computation: Therefore, fays he, there remains a fum of nearly three millions to be provided for. How can Ireland find this? Mines fhe has none; and all the coin in her circulation could not pay the balance for one year, Goods therefore must be fent; a demand must be created in the English market for Irish commodities; and the manner in which this will be effected, our author thinks it not difficult to fhew.

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So long as any gold remains in Ireland, the difference of exchange between the two countries may be limited by the expence of transporting and and infuring bullion from the one to the other. But when the stock is exhausted, no fuch limits can be affixed. Univerfal experience, and efpecially the hutoy of our remittances to the Continent during the laft war, demonftrates, that the exchange muft always be against the country which has a balance of debt to pay; and that the exchange must rise against it, until either gold is found to difcharge the debt, or the exportation of commodities is made at prices fufficiently low to force the market. The rife of the exchange against Ireland will therefore operate as a direct premium upon the exportation of Irish goods into Great Britain; and this country will be glutted with the manufactures of the fifter kingdom, in the fame manner that the Continent was filled with British produce during the continuance of the unfavourable exchange with Hamburgh, which was owing to the fame caufe-large remittances from Britain to the Continent: nay, as gold is more scarce in Ireland than it then was in England, our author contends, that the markets of this country will be more filled with Irish manufactures, than the German markets were with English goods during the period alluded to. The remittance of the loans to Ireland, is the only thing which prevents this effect from being already felt. As foon as that practice ceafes, the intereft of all the loans contracted in England, for Irish service, must be annually remitted from Ireland, without any remittance of principal from England to Ireland: And then there is but one way of providing for this balance ;-the English markets must be filled with Irish goods, at such prices as will enable the Irish manufacturer to underfell the manufacturer of this country.

Our author, at this part of his argument, enters into several inftructive details upon the comparative effects of labour and skill in promoting those branches of manufacture which are likely to be affected by the forced competition from Ireland. He fhews, we think, very clearly, that it is labour, and not fkill, which is chiefly requifite to the production of the main articles in the lift: And, that a want of capital fhould prevent Ireland from beating us in our own markets, he conceives to be impoffible; from the confideration, that Ireland will acquire capital both by the progrefs of the operation in question, and by its effects in drawing English capitalists over to the fifter kingdom. Thus, neither our fuperior skill, nor our fuperior capital, will enable us to refift the competition of our Irish neighbours; our manufactures will be ruined, our manufacturers forced to emigrate, and the remittances of Irish intereft will thus confummate the deftruction of British instustry,