that "the calmness and composure of her death, were farther proofs and attestations of the goodness of her life;

and she died as she had lived, beloved and lamented most by those who knew her best."

THE princess Anne, eldest daughter of George the Second, was born on the 22nd of October, 1709. From her childhood, she manifested a very imperious temper; and, as she grew up, became remarkably proud and ambitious. One day, while yet very young, on being reproved by the queen for wishing she had no brothers, that she herself might succeed to the crown, she exclaimed, with energy, "I would die to-morrow, to be queen to-day!"

In the year 1725, it is said that proposals for a marriage were made between Louis the Fifteenth and this princess, by the Duke of Bourbon, Regent of France; who had then recently broken off the intended union of the young king with a Spanish princess. The offer was, however, very properly declined for had it been accepted, the princess must have abjured the protestant faith, and the alliance would, decidedly, have irritated many of the warmest friends to the house of Brunswick in this country.

It was subsequently proposed, that the heir of the house of Orange should be her husband. On this occasion,

George the Second, being perfectly aware of that prince's great deformity, could not refrain from apprising her of the hideous ugliness of her intended bridegroom, and offered her permission to refuse his proposals. She replied that she would marry him if he were a baboon. " Well, then," said her father, "there is baboon enough for you."

The prince's offer having been accepted, about May, 1733, after much debate, £80,000 was voted by parliament, as a marriage portion for the princess; but in a mode which was thought very disrespectful, that sum being granted as one of the items in a general bill of supply, a clause of which, gave £10,000 to the distressed persons emigrating to Georgia. The prince arrived in the early part of November, at Somerset-house; where, however, he

was attacked by indisposition, and the marriage was consequently deferred. Many preparations had been made for the ceremony, and a boarded gallery, through which the procession was to pass, darkening the windows of the old Duchess of Marlborough, she observed, "That she wished the princess would take away her orange-chest."

Early in March, 1734, the prince having recovered, visited various public places, and on the 14th of that month, was united to the princess royal. On this occasion, the prince is described, by the writers of the day, as having been dressed in a cloth of gold suit; and the bride, in virgin robes of silver tissue, having a train six yards long, which was supported by ten dukes' and earls' daughters, all of whom where attired in robes of silver tissue. At twelve o'clock, the royal family supped in public. About two, the bride and bridegroom retired, and were afterwards seen by the nobility, sitting up in their bed-chamber, in rich undresses.

The princess died of a quinsey, on the 11th of October, 1751, after an illness of only three days. According to Walpole, although he was an absolute monster, his consort had been immoderately jealous and fond of him. At his decease, she became gouvernante to her son: she received her father's letters of condolence and advice on the occasion, in the most haughty and insulting manner; nor did any part of her subsequent conduct evince either good sense or political wisdom.

On the death of Queen Caroline, hoping to succeed to her majesty's influence, the princess came from Holland, on pretence of ill health; but the king, being aware of her plan, sent her to Bath as soon as she arrived, and peremptorily ordered her back to Holland, without suffering her to pass two nights in the metropolis.

Her death took place on the 12th of January, 1759. During her last moments, the aggrandisement of her family still occupied her thoughts, and she died the same ambitious and imperious creature that she had lived. Shortly

before her final struggle, she caused to be laid before her, and signed, a contract for her daughter's marriage with the Prince of Nassau Walberg, and a letter to the states general, entreating their consent to the match.

AMELIA SOPHIA ELEONORA, the second daughter of George the Second, was born on the 30th of May, 1711. Although highly accomplished, she passed her life in celibacy, but, apparently, not without attachments. The Dukes of Grafton and Newcastle, it was believed, paid her great attention; and, according to Walpole, the wooings of the former were so far from being disagreeable, that the princess and the duke hunted two or three times a week together; and on one occasion staid out unusually late, lost their attendants, and went together to a private house in Windsor Forest, to the great indignation of the queen, who, had she not been prevented by Sir Robert Walpole, would have made the king acquainted with the circumstance.

No event of her life excited more interest than the dispute in which she involved herself by shutting Richmond Park, of which she was ranger. An action was brought against her by the inhabitants of the neighbourhood on this occasion, but the princess was partially successful on the trial of the cause. Proceedings having been renewed, the princess, by advice of the attorney-general, allowed ladders over the walls. The people of Richmond were not, however, satisfied with this concession, but persisted in their suit, and, at length, succeeded in establishing their right to gates for passengers. On this, the princess, whose conduct had been very unconciliating throughout the affair, indignantly abandoned the rangership.

She is described by Walpole as having been meanly inquisitive into what did not relate to her, and foolishly communicative of what was below her to know; impertinent even where she had no

resentment, and insolent, although she had lost her beauty and acquired no power; but an excellent mistress to her servants, steady to her favourites, and nobly generous and charitable.

Her manners and dress were exceedingly masculine. It was her custom to pass much time in her stables, particularly when any of the horses were ill. She wore a round hat, and a riding habit in the German fashion; and if any credit may be attached to the following anecdote, her appearance, at one period of her life, must have been extraordinary for a person of her sex and rank:-George the Fourth, when Prince of Wales, in order to illustrate an observation which he had made, that men frequently obtain credit for good deeds which they had never even thought of performing, stated, that one day he was accompanied, in a drive to Bagshot, by Lord Clermont; who, as it was rather cold, wore a white great coat and a kind of flannel hood, to protect his ears and neck; and that, thus arrayed, several persons on the road, mistaking his lordship for the Princess Amelia, exclaimed, "What a good young man the prince is, thus to be the companion of his father's deaf old aunt, during her morning drives!" It appears that she was extremely short-sighted, as well as very deaf; but her conception was so quick, that she appeared to see and hear even better than other people.

She rose early, and either stood or walked about the room while drinking her coffee or chocolate. Of cards she was passionately fond, and took an immense quantity of snuff. One evening, a general officer, in the public rooms at Bath, perceiving her box lying open on the table at which she sat, presumed to help himself out of it. The princess,

made his first campaign, with George the Second, in Germany. He received a severe wound at Dettingen, where he behaved with great gallantry.

In 1745, though scarcely twenty-four years old, and utterly deficient in experience, he was imprudently placed at the head of a great army. Early in that year, Marshal Saxe, accompanied by the King of France and the Dauphin, having invested Tournay with an immense body of forces, the allies, commanded by the Duke of Cumberland, assisted by Konigseg and Waldeck, though far inferior in number to the enemy, determined to make an effort for the relief of the place. On the 11th of May they accordingly commenced a resolute attack on the besiegers, who were encamped under cover of the village of Fontenoy. The enterprise was deemed a singular instance of military rashness. Such, however, was the intrepidity of the English and Hanoverian infantry, that the French, being driven beyond their lines, were in imminent danger of a defeat; but the Dutch forces, which formed a part of the allied army, failing in an attempt on Fontenoy, and the duke not making a judicious use of his first success, by dividing the column of attack after he had broken the enemy's centre, Saxe was enabled to bring up his reserve; and the allies were enclosed, so to speak, within a circle of fire, from some redoubts which they had passed, masked batteries on their wings, and artillery which played upon them with fearful execution in front. Thus situated, it became less an object with them to contend for victory, than to effect a retreat; and after the most heroic exertions, they succeeded in extricating themselves from their terrific position, but at a sacrifice of more than ten thousand men. Although the loss of the French was supposed to have been equally great, the defeat proved fatal to the allies, on whom the campaign closed in a manner exceedingly disastrous.

The memory of the duke's misfortunes abroad was speedily obliterated by his success against the rebels at home. Late in the summer, the young Pretender had landed in Scotland, obtained possession of Edinburgh, and proclaimed his father king of Great Britain; at Preston-Pans, he had

defeated Sir John Cope; and, flushed with success, had penetrated far into the south of England, when the Duke of Cumberland assumed the command of the forces destined to oppose him. By a well-concerted manoeuvre, the rebels, while the duke's advanced guard was posted at Newcastle-under-line, caused him, says Chambers, to remain where he was, under an idea that they were about to meet him, and, thus got past him, on the road to London, so far as Derby; which, however, they speedily evacuated; and, followed by the duke, at the head of his dragoons, and a thousand mounted foot, commenced their retreat towards Scotland. In the neighbourhood of Penrith, the rear-guard was overtaken by the royal troops, and a skirmish ensued, in which the latter were repulsed, with considerable loss. Carlisle, which had been garrisoned by the young Chevalier, soon afterwards surrendered; and the duke, deeming his presence in the north no longer necessary, resigned his command to Wade and Hawley, and on the 5th of January, 1746, returned to London.

In less than a fortnight after his departure, the royal forces were routed by the insurgents, at Falkirk; and, on the 30th of the same month, the duke set out for Scotland, to resume the chief command. After various movements of minor importance, a general and decisive engagement took place, at Culloden, on the 16th of April. During the preceding night, the rebels had made an attempt to surprise the royal camp; which, after a most harassing march, they were compelled to abandon, and returned, fatigued, disconsolate, and nearly halffamished, to their former position; where the royal troops, who had set out in pursuit of them before day-break, arrived about one o'clock in the afternoon; and Charles Edward, who might have retired, with safety, to a more secure post, and there refreshed his men, resolved at once to hazard an engagement. The Highlanders, on this occasion, rushed to the charge with all the courage and impetuosity which they had displayed at Preston-Pans and Falkirk; but, the shock of their attack was steadily received, and the musquetry and artillery of their antagonists did such prodigious execution among them, that they were very soon thrown into

visible disorder; the cavalry of the royal army then advanced upon their flank; and, in less than thirty minutes, the battle was converted into a general rout of the rebels, great numbers of whom, in consequence of orders having been issued by the duke to give no quarter, were slain in the pursuit. It is even affirmed, that unnecessary and wanton barbarities were committed on the persons and families of the Pretender's adherents, long after the cessation of resistance; and that the Duke of Cumberland sullied the glory of his victory, by displaying a savage ferocity against the vanquished. In extenuation of his conduct, it has been suggested, that he probably conceived extreme severity to have been necessary for the immediate termination of the rebellion; and that those who, as it is said, he caused to be recklessly sacrificed on this occasion, were not the troops of a foreign state, with which the country was at war, but subjects who were, or very recently had been, in arms against their sovereign. The means, whether just or unjust, which he adopted to render his victory decisive, were certainly successful, and Scotland returned to its allegiance; or, at least, the royal forces met with no further serious opposition. The young Pretender with difficulty escaped to the continent, and several of his best friends were condemned to the scaffold.

In proportion to the alarm occasioned by the young Pretender's appearance in the field, was the enthusiastic gratitude displayed by the people towards his conqueror; whose courage and conduct, when contrasted with the folly and cowardice of Hawley and Cope, his predecessors in command, raised him at once in public estimation to the pinnacle of military fame. Six thousand pounds were collected in the metropolis, and placed at the disposal of the duke, to be distributed in gratuities to the soldiers who had fought at Culloden; and his "elegant letter" to the lord mayor, acknowledging the gift, was extolled as a truly noble composition.

A charitable meeting, at Guildhall, subscribed for twelve thousand pairs of breeches, twelve thousand woollen caps, ten thousand pairs of worsted stockings, one thousand blankets, twelve thousand pairs of woollen gloves, and nine

thousand spatterdashes, in order to increase the comfort of the troops; for whose benefit the judges contributed £1200; and even the players, glowing with patriotism, performed gratuitously. The whole amount,' says the British Chronologist, "of three nights acting the Beggar's Opera, proposed by Mrs. Cibber, who acted Polly gratis, making £600, was paid by Mr. Rich into the Chamber of London, for the encouragement of the soldiers. Every comedian played gratis, and the tallow-chandlers gave the candles."

From the same source we learn that, on the 25th of July, when the duke arrived at Kensington, from Scotland, "all the bells in London and Westminster rung, and in the evening were illuminations and bonfires, with continual firing of guns for several hours, and all demonstrations of the greatest joy from the people of all ranks." The duke soon afterwards obtained a more substantial reward for his exploits than mere popularity: the parliamentary allowance of £15,000 per annum, which had been granted to him in 1739, being raised to £40,000 per annum, by acclamation. The king appointed him ranger of Windsor great park, and he was elected chancellor of the university of St. Andrews, the minutes of his election being presented to him in a splendid gold box.

In

He continued for a long period to be the popular idol, and was designated, par excellence, as "the duke." 1747, when the royal yacht, in which he was returning from Germany, was nearly lost in a storm, the sympathy of all classes rose to such an extraordinary pitch, as if the national safety had depended on him alone. In 1751 he incurred some odium for his project of improving the discipline of the army, by the introduction of German severity to the military code. Abundance of room for improvement, no doubt, existed; but the means he adopted to produce it were the reverse of judicious. He became a Draco in legislation; and, in his amended mutiny bill, the penalty of death, says Walpole, came over as often as the curses in the commination on Ash-Wednesday. Such a system was likely neither to be popular nor efficient in this country; and, accordingly, while it tended materially