11.) But no work of Callicrates was known even as early as the time of Dionysius of Halicarnassus. 3. A Greek historian who lived in and after the time of the emperor Aurelian. He was a native of Tyre, and wrote the history of Aurelian. Vopiscus (Aurel. 4), who has preserved a few fragments of the work, describes Callicrates as by far the most learned writer among the Greeks of his time. [L. S.] CALLI'CRATES (Kαλλiкрάтns). 1. An architect, who in company with Ictinus built the Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens. (Plut. Pericl. 13.)

2. A Lacedaemonian sculptor, celebrated for the smallness of his works. (Aelian, V. H. i. 17.) He made ants and other animals out of ivory, which were so small that one could not distinguish the different limbs. (Plin. H. N. vii. 21, xxxvi. 5. s. 4.) According to Athenaeus (ix. p. 782, B.), he also executed embossed work on vases. [W.I.] CALLICRA'TIDAS (Kаλλiкpaтídas) was sent out in B. c. 406 to succeed Lysander as admiral of the Lacedaemonian fleet, and soon found that the jealousy of his predecessor, as well as the strong contrast of their characters, had left for him a harvest of difficulties. Yet he was not unsuccessful in surmounting these, and shewed that plain, straight-forward honesty may sometimes be no bad substitute for the arts of the supple diplomatist. The cabals of Lysander's partizans against him he quelled by asking them, whether he should remain where he was, or sail home to report how matters stood; and even those who looked back with most regret to the winning and agreeable manners of his courtly predecessor, admired his virtue, says Plutarch, even as the beauty of a heroic statue. His great difficulty, however, was the want of funds, and for these he reluctantly went and applied to Cyrus, to whom it is said that Lysander, in order to thwart his successor, had returned the sums he held; but the proud Spartan spirit of Callicratidas could not brook to dance attendance at the prince's doors, and he withdrew from Sardis in disgust, declaring that the Greeks were most wretched in truckling to barbarians for money, and that, if he returned home in safety, he would do his best to reconcile Lacedaemon to Athens. He succeeded, however, in obtaining a supply from the Milesians, and he then commenced against the enemy a series of successful operations. The capture of the fortress of Delphinium in Chios and the plunder of Teos were closely followed by the conquest of Methymna. This last place Conon attempted to save, in spite of his inferiority in numbers, but, arriving too late, anchored for the night at 'EkaTóvνnoo. The next morning he was chased by Callicratidas, who declared that he would put a stop to his adultery with the sea, and was obliged to take refuge in Mytilene, where his opponent blockaded him by sea and land. Conon, however, contrived to send news to the Athenians of the strait in which he was, and a fleet of more than 150 sail was despatched to relieve him. Callicratidas then, leaving Eteonicus with 50 ships to conduct the blockade, proceeded with 120 to meet the enemy. A battle ensued at Arginusae, remarkable for the unprecedented number of vessels engaged, and in this Callicratidas was slain, and the Athenians were victorious. According to Xenophon, his steersman, Hermon, endeavoured to dissuade him from engaging with such superior num

bers: as Diodorus and Plutarch tell it, the soothsayer foretold the admiral's death. His answer at any rate, μὴ παρ' ἕνα εἶναι τὸν Σπάρταν, became famous, but is mentioned with censure by Plutarch and Cicero. On the whole, Callicratidas is a somewhat refreshing specimen of a plain, blunt Spartan of the old school, with all the guilelessness and simple honesty, but (it may be added) not without the bigotry of that character. Witness his answer, when asked what sort of men the Ionians were: " Bad freemen, but excellent slaves." (Xen. Hell. i. 6. §§ 1—33; Diod. xiii. 76—79, 97-99; Plut. Lysand. 5-7, Pelop. 2, Apopk thegm. Lacon; Cic. de Off. i. 24, 30.) Aelian tells us (V. H. xii. 43), that he rose to the privi leges of citizenship from the condition of a slave (uówv); but see Mitford's Greece, ch. xx. sec. 2, note 4.) [E. E.]

CALLICRA TIDAS (Kαλλıкpaтídas), a disciple of Pythagoras. Four extracts from his writings on the subject of marriage and domestic happiness are preserved in Stobaeus. (Floril. lxx. 11, lxxxv. 16-18.) [A. G.] CALLI'CRITUS (Kαλλíkpiтos), a Theban, was sent as ambassador from the Boeotians to the Roman senate, B. c. 187, to remonstrate against the requisition of the latter for the recall of Zeuxippus from exile. The sentence of banishment had been passed against him both for sacrilege and for the murder of Brachyllas [see p. 502, a.]; and Callicritus represented to the Romans on behalf of his countrymen, that they could not annul a sentence which had been legally pronounced. The remonstrance was at first unavailing, though ultimately the demand of the senate was not pressed. (Polyb. xxiii. 2.) It was probably the same Callicritus who strongly opposed in the Boeotian assembly the views of Perseus. He appears even to have gone to Rome to warn the senate of the king's schemes, and was murdered, by order of the latter, on his way back. (Liv. xlii. 13, 40.) [E. E.]

CALLICTER (Kaλλíkтηp), surnamed Marri σos, a Greek poet, the author of four epigrams of little merit in the Greek Anthology. (Anthol. Graec. xi. 5, 6, 118, 333; Brunck, Anal. ii. pp. 294, 529.) [L. S.]

CALLIDE'MUS (Kaλλídnμos), a Greek author about whom nothing is known, except that Pliny (H. N. iv. 12) and Solinus (17) refer to him as their authority for the statement, that the island of Euboea was originally called Chalcis from the fact of brass (xaλкós) being discovered there first. [L.S.] CALLI'DIUS. [CALIDIUS.]

CALLIGEITUS (Kaλλíуeiros), a Megarian, and TIMAGORAS (Tiμayopas), a Cyzican, were sent to Sparta in B. c. 412 by Pharnabazus, the satrap of Bithynia, to induce the Lacedaemonians to send a fleet to the Hellespont, in order to assist the Hellespontine cities in revolting from Athens. The Lacedaemonians, however, through the influ ence of Alcibiades, preferred sending a fleet to Chios; but Calligeitus and Timagoras would not take part in this expedition, and applied the money which they brought from Pharnabazus to the equip ment of a separate fleet, which left Peloponnesus towards the close of the year. (Thuc. viii. 6, 8, 39.)

CALLIGENEIA (Kaλλıyéveiα), a surname of Demeter or of her nurse and companion, or of Gaea. (Aristoph. Thesm. 300, with the Schol.; Hesych. 8. v.; Phot. Ler. s. v.) [L. S.]

CALLI'GENES (Kaλλyévns), the name of the physician of Philip, king of Macedonia, who attended him in his last illness at Amphipolis, B. C. 179, and concealed his death from the people till the arrival of Perseus, to whom he had sent intelligence of the great danger of the king. (Liv. xl. 56.) [W. A. G.] CALLI'MACHUS (Kaλλíμaxos). 1. Of the tribe of Aiantis and the duos of Aphidna, held the office of Polemarch, B. c. 490, and in that capacity commanded the right wing of the Athenian army at Marathon, where he was slain, after behaving with much gallantry. In the battle he is said to have vowed to Artemis a heifer for every enemy he should slay. By the persuasion of Miltiades he had given his casting vote for fighting, when the voices of the ten generals were equally divided on the question. This is the last recorded instance of the Polemarch performing the military duties which his name implies. Callimachus was conspicuously figured in the fresco painting of the battle of Marathon, by Polygnotus, in the σrod TOKIAN. (Herod. vi. 109-114; Plut. Aristid. et Cat. Maj. 2, Sympos. i. 8. § 3; Schol. ad Aristoph. Eq. 658; Paus. i. 15.)

2. One of the generals of Mithridates, who, by his skill in engineering, defended the town of Amisus, in Pontus, for a considerable time against the Romans, in B. c. 71; and when Lucullus had succeeded in taking a portion of the wall, Callimachus set fire to the place and made his escape by sea. He afterwards fell into the hands of Lucullus at the capture of Nisibis (called by the Greeks Antioch) in Mygdonia, B. C. 68, and was put to death in revenge for the burning of Amisus. (Plut. Lucull. 19, 32; comp. Appian, Bell. Mithr. 78, 83; Dion Cass. xxxv. 7.) [E. E.] CALLI'MACHUS (Kaλλíμaxos), one of the most celebrated Alexandrine grammarians and poets, was, according to Suidas, a son of Battus and Mesatme, and belonged to the celebrated family of the Battiadae at Cyrene, whence Ovid (1b. 53) and others call him simply Battiades. (Comp. Strab. xvii. p. 837.) He was a disciple of the grammarian Hermocrates, and afterwards taught at Eleusis, a suburb of Alexandria. He was highly esteemed by Ptolemy Philadelphus, who invited him to a place in the Museum. (Suid.; Strab. xvii. p. 838.) Callimachus was still alive in the reign of Ptolemy Euergetes, the successor of Philadelphus. (Schol. ad Callim. Hymn. ii. 26.) It was formerly believed, but is now established as an historical fact, that Callimachus was chief librarian of the famous library of Alexandria. This fact leads us to the conclusion, that he was the successor of Zenodotus, and that he held this office from about B. c. 260 until his death about B. C. 240. (Ritschl, Die Alexandrin. Biblioth. &c. pp. 19, 84, &c.) This calculation agrees with the statement of A. Gellius (xvii. 21), that Callimachus lived shortly before the first Punic war. He was married to a daughter of Euphrates of Syracuse, and had a sister Megatime, who was married to Stasenorus, and a son Callimachus, who is distinguished from his uncle by being called the younger, and is called by Suidas the author of an epic poem Περὶ νήσων.

Callimachus was one of the most distinguished grammarians, critics, and poets of the Alexandrine period, and his celebrity surpassed that of nearly all the other Alexandrine scholars and poets.

Several of the most distinguished men of that period, such as his successor Eratosthenes, Philostephanus, Aristophanes of Byzantium, Apollonius Rhodius, Ister, and Hermippus, were among his pupils. Callimachus was one of the most fertile writers of antiquity, and if the number in Suidas be correct, he wrote 800 works, though we may take it for granted that most of them were not of great extent, if he followed his own maxim, that a great book was equal to a great evil. (Athen. iii. p. 72.) The number of his works of which the titles or fragments are known to us, amounts to upwards of forty. But what we possess is very little, and consists principally of poetical productions, apparently the least valuable of all his works, since Callimachus, notwithstanding the reputation he enjoyed for his poems, was not a man of real poetical talent: labour and learning are with him the substitutes for poetical genius and talent. His prose works, on the other hand, which would have furnished us with some highly important information concerning ancient mythology, history, literature, &c., are completely lost.

The poetical productions of Callimachus still extant are: 1. Hymns, six in number, of which five are written in hexameter verse and in the Ionic dialect, and one, on the bath of Pallas, in distichs and in the Doric dialect. These hymns, which bear greater resemblance to epic than to lyric poetry, are the productions of labour and learning, like most of the poems of that period. Almost every line furnishes some curious mythical information, and it is perhaps not saying too much to assert, that these hymns are more overloaded with learning than any other poetical production of that time. Their style has nothing of the easy flow of genuine poetry, and is evidently studied and laboured. There are some ancient Greek scholia on these hymns, which however have no great merit. 2. Seventy-three epigrams, which belong to the best specimens of this kind of poetry. The high estimation they enjoyed in antiquity is attested by the fact, that Archibius, the grammarian, who lived, at the latest, one generation after Callimachus, wrote a commentary upon them, and that Marianus, in the reign of the emperor Anastasius, wrote a paraphrase of them in iambics. They were incorporated in the Greek Anthology at an early time, and have thus been preserved. 3. Elegies. These are lost with the exception of some fragments, but there are imitations of them by the Roman poets, the most celebrated of which is the "De Coma Berenices" of Catullus. If we may believe the Roman critics, Callimachus was the greatest among the elegiac poets (Quintil. x. 1. § 58), and Ovid, Propertius, and Catullus took Callimachus for their model in this species of poetry. We have mention of several more poetical productions, but all of them have perished except a few fragments, and however much we may lament their loss on account of the information we

might have derived from them, we have very little reason to regret their loss as specimens of poetry. Among them we may mention, 1. The Atria, an epic poem in four books on the causes of the various mythical stories, religious ceremonies, and other customs. The work is often referred to, and was paraphrased by Marianus; but the paraphrase is lost, and of the original we have only a few fragments. 2. An epic poem entitled 'Ekáλn, which was the name of an old woman who had received

Theseus hospitably when he went out to fight against the Marathonian bull. This work was likewise paraphrased by Marianus, and we still possess some fragments of the original. The works entitled Taxárea and гλaûкos were in all probability likewise epic poems. It appears that there was scarcely any kind of poetry in which Callimachus did not try his strength, for he is said to have written comedies, tragedies, iambic, and choliambic poems. Respecting his poem Ibis see APOLLONIUS RHODIUS.

Of his numerous prose works not one is extant entire, though there were among them some of the highest importance. The one of which the loss is most to be lamented was entitled Πίναξ παντοδαπῶν συγγραμμάτων, οι πίνακες τῶν ἐν πάσῃ Taidela diaλaμþávтwv kal åv ovvéypayav, in 120 books. This work was the first comprehensive history of Greek literature. It contained, systematically arranged, lists of the authors and their works. The various departments of literature appear to have been classified, so that Callimachus spoke of the comic and tragic poets, of the orators, law-givers, philosophers, &c., in separate books, in which the authors were enumerated in their chronological succession. (Athen. ii. p.70, vi. p.252, xiii. p. 585, xv. p. 669; Diog. Laërt. iv. 23, viii. 86.) It is natural to suppose that this work was the fruit of his studies in the libraries of Alexandria, and that it mainly recorded such authors as were contained in those libraries. His pupil Aristophanes of Byzantium wrote a commentary upon it. (Athen. ix. p. 408, viii. 336; Etym. Mag. s. v. Пíva.) Among his other prose works we find mentioned the following:-1. Movσetov, which is usually supposed to have treated of the Museum of Alexandria and the scholars connected with it. 2. Пepl dywvwv. 3. 'Elvikal dvouaolai. 3. Θαυμάσια οι Θαυμάτων τῶν εἰς ἅπασαν τὴν γῆν Kal TÓTOVS ÖVTWv σvvaywyń, a work similar, though probably much superior, to the one still extant by Antigonus Carystius. 4. Trouvμaтa iσтоpikά. 5. Νόμιμα βαρβαρικά. 6. Κτίσεις νήσων καὶ πόλεων. 7. Αργους οἰκισμοί. 8. Περὶ ἀνέμων. 9. Περὶ ορνεων. 10. Συναγωγὴ ποταμῶν, οι περὶ | τῶν ἐν οἰκουμένῃ ποταμών, &c., &c. A list of his works is given by Suidas, and a more complete one by Fabricius. (Bibl. Graec. iii. p. 815, &c.)

The first edition of the six hymns of Callimachus appeared at Florence in 4to., probably between 1494 and 1500. It was followed by the Aldine, Venice, 1513, 8vo., but a better edition, in which some gaps are filled up and the Greek scholia are added, is that of S. Gelenius, Basel, 1532, 4to., reprinted at Paris, 1549, 4to. A more complete edition than any of the preceding ones is that of H. Stephanus, Paris, 1566, fol. in the collection of Poetae principes Heroici Carminis."

This edition is the basis of the text which from that time has been regarded as the vulgate. A second edition by H. Stephanus (Geneva, 1577, 4to.) is greatly improved: it contains the Greek scholia, a Latin translation, thirty-three epigrams of Callimachus, and a few fragments of his other works. Henceforth scarcely anything was done for the text, until Th. Graevius undertook a new and comprehensive edition, which was completed by his father J. G. Graevius. It appeared at Utrecht, 1697, 2 vols. 8vo. It contains the notes of the previous editors, of R. Bentley, and the famous commentary of Ez. Spanheim. This edition

is the basis of the one edited by J. A. Ernesti at Leiden, 1761, 2 vols. 8vo., which contains the whole of the commentary of Graevius' edition, a much improved text, a more complete collection of the fragments, and additional notes by Hemsterhuis and Ruhnken. Among the subsequent editions we need only mention those of Ch. F.Loesner (Leipzig, 1774, 8vo.), H. F. M. Volzer (Leipzig, 1817, 8vo.), and C. F. Blomfield (London, 1815, 8vo.). [L. S.]

CALLI'MACHUS, a physician, who was one of the followers of Herophilus, and who must have lived about the second century B. C., as he is mentioned by Zeuxis. (Galen, Comment, in Hippocr. “Epid. VI.” i. 5. vol. xvii. pt. i. p. 827.) He wrote a work in explanation of the obsolete words used by Hippocrates, which is not now extant, but which is quoted by Erotianus. (Gloss. Hippocr. praef.) He may perhaps be the same person who is mentioned by Pliny as having written a work De Coronis. (H. N. xxi. 9.) [W. A. G.]

CALLI'MACHUS (Kaλλíμaxos), an artist of uncertain country, who is said to have invented the Corinthian column. (Vitruv. iv. 1. § 10.) As Scopas built a temple of Athene at Tegea with Corinthian columns in B. c. 396, Callimachus must have lived before that time. Pausanias (i. 26. §7) calls him the inventor of the art of boring marble (Toùs Xíbovs #pūtos éτpúænσe), which Thiersch (Epoch. Anm. p. 60) thinks is to be understood of a mere perfection of that art, which could not have been entirely unknown to so late a period. By these inventions as well as by his other productions, Callimachus stood in good reputation with his contemporaries, although he did not belong to the first-rate artists. He was so anxious to give his works the last touch of perfec tion, by elaborating the details with too much care, that he lost the grand and sublime. Dionysius therefore compares him and Calamis to the orator Lysias (τῆς λεπτότητος ἕνεκα καὶ τῆς χάριτος), whilst he draws a parallel between Polycletus and Phidias and Isocrates, on account of the σεμνὸν καὶ μεγαλότεχνον καὶ ἀξιωματικών. (Judic. Isocr. c. 3.) Callimachus was never satisfied with himself, and therefore received the epithet κακιζότεχνος, (Paus. i. 26. § 7.) Pliny (H. N. xxxiv. 8. s. 19) says the same, and gives an exact interpretation of the surname : Semper calumniator sui nec finem habens diligentiae; ob id KaKióтexvos appellatus." Vitruvius says, that Callimachus" propter elegantiam et subtilitatem artis marmoreae ab Atheniensibus κатάтexvos fuerat nominatus." Sillig (Cat. Art. p. 125) conjectures, after some MSS., that KaтaтngίTEXVOS must be read instead of kakié Texvos; but this is quite improbable on account of Pliny's translation, calumniator sui." Whether the KaTáTexvos of Vitruvius is corrupt or a second surname (as Siebelis supposes, ad Paus. i. 26. §7), cannot be decided. So much is certain, that Callimachus' style was too artificial. Pliny (c), speaking of a work representing some dancing Lacedaemonian women, says, that his excessive elaboration of the work had destroyed all its beauty. Pausanias (i. 26. § 7) describes a golden lamp, a work of Callimachus dedicated to Athene, which if filled with oil, burnt precisely one whole year without ever going out. It is scarcely probable that the painter Callimachus, mentioned by Pliny (I. c.), should be our statuary, although he is generally identified with him. [W. I.]

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CALLI'MEDON (Kaλλquédav), surnamed d Kápagos, or the crab, on account of his fondness for that kind of shell-fish (Athen. iii. p. 100, c.), was one of the orators at Athens in the Macedonian interest, and accordingly fled from the city to Antipater, when the Athenians rose against the Macedonians upon the death of Alexander the Great in B. c. 323. When the Macedonian supremacy was reestablished at Athens by Antipater, Callimedon returned to the city, but was obliged to fly from it again upon the outbreak against Phocion in B. c. 317. The orators Hegemon and Pythocles were put to death along with Phocion, and Callimedon was also condemned to death, but escaped in safety. (Plut. Dem. 27, Phoc. 27, 33, 35.) Callimedon was ridiculed by the comic poets. (Athen. L. c. p. 104, c. d., viii. p. 339, f., xiv. p. 614, d.)

CALLIMORPHUS (Kaλλíμoppos), an armysurgeon attached to the sixth legion or cohort of contarii, who lived probably in the second century after Christ. He wrote a work entitled 'IoTopia Пapoikal, Historia Parthica, which may perhaps have been an account of Trajan's campaigns, A. D. 114-116, and in which, according to Lucian (Quom. Histor. sit Conscrib. § 16), he asserted that it was especially the province of a physician to write historical works, on account of his connexion, through Aesculapius, with Apollo, the author of all literature.

[W. A. G.] CALLI'NES (Kaλλívns), a veteran officer in the royal companion-cavalry (тs inπоυ TÊS ÉTαιρIKŴs) of Alexander the Great, took an active part in the reconciliation between him and his army in B. C. 324. (Arrian, Anab. vii. 11.)

CALLINI'CUS (Kaλλívikos), surnamed Sutorius, a Greek sophist and rhetorician, was a native of Syria, or, according to others, of Arabia Petraea. He taught rhetoric at Athens in the reign of the emperor Gallienus (A. D. 259–268), and was an opponent of the rhetorician Genethlius. (Suid. s. vv. | Καλλίνικος, Γενέθλιος, and Ἰουλιανὸς Δόμνου.) Suidas and Eudocia (p. 268) mention several works of Callinicus, all of which are lost, with the exception of a fragment of an eulogium on Rome, which is very inferior both in form and thought. It is printed in L. Allatius' “Excerpt. Rhet. et Sophist." pp. 256-258, and in Orelli's edition of Philo, "De VII Spect. Orb." Lipsiae, 1816, 8vo. Among the other works of Callinicus there was one on the history of Alexandria, in ten books, mentioned by Suidas and Eudocia, and referred to by Jerome in the preface to his commentary on Daniel. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. iii. p. 36, vi. p. 54.) [L. S.] CALLINICUS SELEUCUS. [SELEUCUS.] CALLI'NUS (Kaλλîvos). 1. Of Ephesus, the earliest Greek elegiac poet, whence either he or Archilochus is usually regarded by the ancients as the inventor of elegiac poetry. As regards the time at which he lived, we have no definite statement, and the ancients themselves endeavoured to determine it from the historical allusions which they found in his elegies. It has been fixed by some at about B. c. 634, and by others at about B. c. 680, whereas some are inclined to place Callinus as far back as the ninth century before the Christian aera, than Hesiod. The main authorities for determining his age are Strabo (xiv. p. 647), Clemens Alexandrinus (Strom. i. p. 333), and Athenaeus (xii. p. 525). But the interpretation of these passages

and to make him more ancient even

is involved in considerable difficulty, since the Cimmerian invasion of Asia Minor, to which they allude, is itself very uncertain; for history records three different inroads of the Cimmerians into Asia Minor. We cannot enter here into a refutation of the opinions of others, but confine ourselves to our own views of the case. From Strabo it is evident that Callinus, in one of his poems, mentioned Magnesia on the Maeander as still existing, and at war with the Ephesians. Now, we know that Magnesia was destroyed by the Treres, a Cimmerian tribe, in B. c. 727, and consequently the poem referred to by Strabo must have been written previous to that year, perhaps about B. c. 730, or shortly before Archilochus, who in one of his earliest poems mentioned the destruction of Magnesia. Callinus himself, however, appears to have long survived that event; for there is a line of his (Fragm. 2, comp. Fragm. 8, ed. Bergk) which is usually referred to the destruction of Sardis by the Cimmerians, about B. C. 678. If this calculation is correct, Callinus must have been in the bloom of life at the time of the war between Magnesia and Ephesus, in which he himself perhaps took a part. We possess only a very few fragments of the elegies of Callinus, but among them there is one of twenty-one lines, which forms part of a war-elegy, and is consequently the most ancient specimen of this species of poetry extant. (Stobaeus, Floril. li. 19.) In this fragment the poet exhorts his countrymen to courage and perseverance against their enemies, who are usually supposed to be the Magnesians, but the fourth line of the poem seems to render it more probable that Callinus was speaking of the Cimmerians. This elegy is one of great beauty, and gives us the highest notion of the talent of Callinus. It is printed in the various collections of the "Poetae Graeci Minores." All the fragments of Callinus are collected in N. Bach's Callini, Tyrtaei et Asii Fragmenta (Leipzig, 1831, 8vo.) and Bergk's Poetae Lyrici Graeci, p. 303, &c. (Comp. Francke, Callimus, sive Quaestiones de Origine Carminis Elegiaci, Altona, 1816, 8vo.; Thiersch, in the Acta Philol. Monacens. iii. p. 571; Bode, Gesch. der Lyrisch. Dichtkunst, i. pp. 143–161.)

2. A disciple and friend of Theophrastus, who left him in his will a piece of land at Stageira and 3000 drachmae. Callinus was also appointed by the testator one of the executors of the will. (Diog. Laërt. v. 52, 55, 56.)

3. Of Hermione, lived at a later period than the preceding one, and was a friend of the philosopher Lycon, who bequeathed to him in his will the works which he had not yet published. (Diog. Laërt. v. 70-74.) [L. S.]

CALLIOPE. [MUSAE.]

CALLIO'PIUS. In all, or almost all, the MSS. of Terence, known not to be older than the ninth century, we find at the end of each play the words

Calliopius recensui," from whence it has very naturally been inferred, that Calliopius was some grammarian of reputation, who had revised and corrected the text of the dramatist. Eugraphins, indeed, who wrote a commentary upon the same comedian about the year a. D. 1000, has the following note on the word plaudite at the end of the Andria: "Verba sunt Calliopii ejus recitatoris, qui, cum fabulam terminâsset elevabat aulaeum scenae, et alloquebatur populum, Vos valete, Vos plaudite sive favete;" but this notion is altogether inconsistent with the established meaning of recen

sui. Barth, on the other hand, maintained, that Calliopius was a complimentary epithet, indicating the celebrated Flaccus Albinus or Alcuinus, whom in a MS. life of Willebrord he found designated as "Dominus Albinus magister optimus Calliopicus," i. e. totus a Calliope et Musis formatus; but the probability of this conjecture has been much weakened by Fabricius, who has shewn that Calliopius was a proper name not uncommon among writers of the middle ages. (Funccius, de Inerti ac Decrepita Linguae Latinae Senectute, c. iv. § xxxii.; Fabric. Bibl. Lat. lib. i. c. iii. §§ 3 and 4; Eust. Swartii Analecta, iii. 11, p. 132; Barth. Advers. vi. 20; Ritschl, De emendat. Fub. Terentt, disput., Wratislav. 4to. 1838.) [W. R.] CALLIPHANA, a priestess of Velia. In B. C. 98, the praetor urbanus C. Valerius Flaccus, in pursuance of a decree of the senate, brought a bill before the people, that Calliphana should be made a Roman citizen. This was done before the Velienses obtained the Roman franchise, and for the purpose of enabling the priestess of a foreign divinity at Rome to perform sacrifices on behalf of Romans also. (Cic. pro Balb. 24.) [L. S.] CALLIPHON (Kaλλıqŵv), a philosopher, and most probably a disciple of Epicurus, who is mentioned several times and condemned by Cicero as making the chief good of man to consist in an union of virtue (honestas) and bodily pleasure (ýdový, voluptas), or, as Cicero says, in the union of the man with the beast. (Cic. de Fin. ii. 6, 11, iv. 18, v. 8, 25, de Off. iii. 33, Tusc. v. 30, 31; Clem. Alex. Strom. 2. § 127.) [A. G.]

CALLIPHON (Kαλλipŵv), a Samian painter, employed to decorate the temple of Artemis at Ephesus. (Paus. v. 19. § 1, x. 25. § 2.) [W. I.] | CALLIPPIDES (Kanions), of Athens, a celebrated tragic actor of the time of Alcibiades and Agesilaus. (Plut. Alcib. 32, Ages. 21; Athen. xii. p. 535.) He was particularly famous for his imitation of the actions of real life, which he carried so far as to become ridiculous, and to be stigmatized by the nickname of the ape (winkos. See the Greek life of Sophocles; Apostolius, Proverb. xv. 39). A comedy of Strattis entitled Callippides seems to have been composed to ridicule our actor. (Meineke, Fragm. Com. Graec. i. p. 226); and it is not improbable that Cicero (ad Att. xiii. 12) may be alluding to Callippides the actor. (Orelli, Onomast. Tull. ii. p. 119.) [L. S.]

CALLIPPUS (Kάλλπños), historical. 1. Of Athens, was a disciple of Plato, and thus became acquainted with Dion of Syracuse, who was likewise among the pupils of Plato. When Dion afterwards returned to Syracuse, Callippus accompanied him, and was ever after treated by him with distinction and confidence. Notwithstanding this, Callippus formed at last a conspiracy against the life of Dion. The plot was discovered by Dion's sister; but Callippus pacified them by swearing, that he had no evil intentions towards Dion. But in spite of this oath, he assassinated Dion during a festival of Persephone, the very divinity by whom he had sworn, B. c. 353. Callippus now usurped the government of Syracuse, but maintained himself only for thirteen months. The first attempt of Dion's friends to cause an insurrection of the people against the usurper was unsuccessful; but, a short time after, Hipparenus, a brother of the younger Dionysius, landed with a fleet at Syracuse, and Callippus, who was defeated

in the ensuing battle, took to flight. He now wandered about in Sicily from town to town, at the head of a band of licentions mercenaries, but could not maintain himself anywhere. At last he and Leptines, with their mercenaries, crossed over into Italy, and laid siege to Rhegium, which was occupied by a garrison of Dionysius the Younger. The garrison was expelled, and the citizens of Rhegium were restored to autonomy, and Callippus himself remained at Rhegium. He treated his mercenaries badly, and being unable to satisfy their demands, he was murdered by his own friends, Leptines and Polyperchon, with the same sword, it is said, with which he had assassinated Dion. (Plut. Dion. 28-58, de Sera Num. Vind. p. 553, d.; Diod. xvi. 31, 36, 45; Athen. xi, p. 508.)

2. Of Athens, took part in the Olympic games in B. c. 332. He bribed his competitors in the pentathlon to allow him to conquer and win the prize. But the fraud became known, and the Eleans condemned both Callippus and his competi tors to pay a heavy fine. The Athenians, who considered the affair as a national one, sent Hype rides to petition the Eleans to desist from their de mand. When the request was refused, the Athe nians neither paid the fine nor did they frequent the Olympic games any longer, until at last the Delphic god declared that he would not give any oracle to the Athenians, unless they satisfied the demand of the Eleans. The fine was now paid, and the money was spent in erecting six statnes to Zeus, with inscriptions by no means flattering to the Athenians. (Paus. v. 21. § 3, &c.)

3. Of Athens, a son of Moerocles, a brave com mander of the Athenians in the war against the Gauls, B. c. 279. He was stationed with his Athenians at Thermopylae to guard the pass. (Paus. i. 3. § 4, x. 20. § 3.)

4. An admiral of king Perseus of Macedonia He and Antenor were sent by the king, in B.C 168, with a fleet to Tenedos, to protect the trans ports that came with provisions for the Macedo nians from the islands of the Aegean. (Liv. xliv. 28.) [L. S.]

CALLIPPUS (Kάλλños), literary. 1. A comic poet, who is mentioned only by Athenaeus (xv. p. 668) as the author of a comedy entitled Pannychis. Porson proposed to read in this pas sage Hipparchus instead of Callippus, because it is known that Hipparchus composed a comedy Pannychis. (Athen. xv. p. 691.) But this is not a sufficient reason for striking the name of Callippus from the list of comic writers. (Meineke, Hist. Crit. Com. Gr. p. 490.)

2. Of Athens, is mentioned by Aristotle (Rhet. ii. 23) as the author of a téxyn ¿ntopiń, but nothing further is known about him.

3. A Stoic philosopher of Corinth, who was a pupil of Zeno, the founder of the school. (Dieg Laërt. vii. 38.) He seems to be the same person as the Callippus mentioned by Pausanias (ix. 29. § 2, 38. § 10) as the author of a work entitled vyypapn eis 'Opxoμevious, of which a few fragments are preserved there.

4. Surnamed Petaneus, is mentioned by Diogenes Laërtius (v. 57) as one of the witnesses to the will of Theophrastus. [L. S.]

CALLIPPUS or CALIPPUS (KáλAtmos or Kános), an astronomer of Cyzicus. He was a disciple of one of Eudoxus' friends, and followed him to Athens, where he became acquainted