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on the alert about her future schoolmates, had caught a peep of some of the peeping Misses. They all, from six to sixteen, wore a sort of conventual costume, as ugly and un-English as possible. Mamma," said Mysie," why have the Misses their hair tied up that ugly way, as if they were going to wash their faces?"

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"Robina, love, hold up your head!-how do you think Mrs. Smith will receive a slouching, awkward Miss? That is the present fashion of young ladies in France, which Miss Maria has introduced. Miss Fanny Ayton, and Miss Fanny Kemble, wear their hair in that style."

And when Mr. Luke marvelled at his daughter, disguised and uglified, from her hair being dragged into a net, and her little person invested with a Swiss apron, he was informed that the one was favourable to her eyes and her studies, and the other to her habits of tidiness. For two weeks, and finally for ever, these improvements remained the sole advantages mother or daughter derived from the Camlachie Establishment. Mrs. Mark Luke once more left her card, and waited the leisure of the presiding genius of the Society one Saturday and another.

Mrs. Mark Luke had now everywhere announced the high destination of her daughter; and this protracted silence made her so anxious and unhappy, that she took courage, and despatched an unexceptionable note,-on rose-tinted paper, and smelling horribly of musk,-simply simple woman!-announcing her own, and her husband's intention of placing Miss Luke at Camlachie, for the benefit of the invaluable instructions in morals and manners of Mrs. Smith and her accomplished daughters. It went against her pride to be thus urgent-she whom poor but excellent teachers of all sorts had golong humbly and diligently solicited; but what will not a fashionable mother do for her only child-that child a girl, and of " considerable expectations?"

Anxiously did Mrs. Mark Luke await the response, which came one morning just as she returned from a round of calls, in which Miss Luke had accompanied her, to take leave of her friends preparatory to going to school. The paper, of the first quality, was, in this case, neither tinted nor perfumed; but so long-tailed and conglomerated were the characters, that— what with the e added to the tail of the Smith, and the i changed to a y-it cost Mrs. Mark Luke considerable trouble to make out how very much Mrs. D. Smythe regretted that there was no present vacancy in the select number of young ladies received into her Society, and no probability of any one occurring which warranted Mrs. S. in entertaining the hope of ever having the pleasure of seeing Miss Luke-a most interesting charge!-a member of her family.

The Smythes had changed their tone in latter days. The Exclusives, upon calculation, were no longer haughty and insolent in manner. Mrs. Mark Luke understood the case-or guessed at it; but she was rather mortified at her own condition than angry with them. How Miss Betty Bogle would sneer, and Penny Parlane exult over her! "It is all along, Mr. Luke, of your having no place of our own. If I could have left my card at the seminary as Mrs. Mark Luke of Halcyon Bank, you would have seen another sort of answer to my application for our Robina: and there it is for ever in the papers! It is a marvel to me such a gem, and such a rug, is not nipped up long ago. There is young John Cowan, the drysalter, and some of the Jamaica Street nabobs, I am told, are after it. Far would it be from me Mr. Luke, to wish that you should hurt your pecuniary circumstances by the purchase. I am content to leave the place to those who can better afford it than my husband.”

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Cunning Mrs. Mark Luke! Mark was fairly piqued at last; in his purse-pride, and in his pa ternal and conjugal affection; while his prudence was largely propitiated by another Upset Price still Farther Reduced." In a month Halcyon Bank was his own, and in the first delirium of her vanity and exultation, Mrs. Mark Luke's naturally kind heart had expanded far beyond the narrow boundaries of cold Exclusivism; and, between good-nature and social vanity, she had so far forgotten strict propriety, as to invite all the world-country cousins, and vulgar old acquaintances included-to her marine villa. She had been excluded from pews, boxes, burial-grounds, and boarding-schools; but now she was to be happy-perfectly happy!

O, Seged, King of Ethiopia! if thou, in the plenitude of imperial potence, with all appliances and means, could not command felicity for a single day, what envious, mocking fiend tempted to betray our Mrs. Mark Luke with those brilliant, illusive jack-a-lanterns, which in all ages of the world, have dazzled to bewilder the daughters of men, and to drag them on through bog and morass, only to land them kneedeep in the mire at last? Yet were not all her hopes illusive; for happy was the little hour in which she first ran over the garden, and explored, as its mistress, every garret and dog hole of Halcyon Bank. In that state of flutter and beatitude, we shall for a time leave Mrs. Mark Luke to the sympathy of our indulgent readers. They will not grudge one little hour of bliss without alloy to a woman before whom lies the task of finishing and marrying a daughter upon the Exclusive system of the middle ranks in Scot land,

(To be continued.)

THE "UNSTAMPED PRESS" IN LONDON.

BY THE AUTHOR OF “THE FALSE MEDIUM."

IT has hitherto been the custom of all educated people to consider the Unstamped in the same degraded light as the Unwashed; nay, to view it with far less sympathy, inasmuch as we may entertain a strong commiserative feeling with the poor labourers and mechanics, without being at all disposed to listen to the wild ebullitions of ignorance. We have heard from all quarters, where a notice of these publications has been deigned, of their democratic violence, headlong fury, "false doctrine," outrageous abuse of Kings, Lords, and other "respectable individuals;" of the excitements to revolution, and of their sedition, open conspiracy, and rebellion." We have pictured to ourselves, their editors as drunken, demoralized outcasts, living in a sort of den fitted up in a back cellar, and surrounded by a gang of ministers as depraved and remorseless as themselves. This imaginary picture might have had some foundation on the first rise of the Unstamped, (though its verisimilitude is now fast disappearing;) and we are well aware that the contents of many of these lawless penny publications were of the most violent and odious character, justly to be denounced as the deformed abortions of the press.

While, however, we advocate the Aristocracy of Intellect, as the only aristocracy that ought to be acknowledged by a civilized nation, we must be prepared immediately to applaud, as a part of that very system, all superior manifestations of knowledge, reason, talent, &c., let them emanate from however humble and unexpected a quarter. Nor ought we to be surprised at any degree of ability that rises from among the people, since it requires no very profound biographical knowledge to make us aware, that nearly all the great men who have ever lived-whether as patriots, poets, philosophers, artists, mechanists, heroes, statesmen, &c., have derived their origin from the same humble "order." This is a fact which even the Tories, who always confound the people with the mob, cannot deny, though it would very much perplex them to deal with it in juxtaposition with hereditary honours.

It will readily be apprehended, from the foregoing remarks, that we are alluding only to that portion of the Unstamped Press, which is expressly addressed to the working classes, and chiefly of a political tendency, and not to the various publications of Messrs. Knight, those of Chambers, Leigh Hunt's Journal, &c., which are of an intellectual, scientific, or amusing character; and follow, though less original in their matter, in the path of Addison, Johnson, Goldsmith, Steele, and other writers of high rank. In tracing, therefore, the progress of the present class of weekly periodicals, as the medium for the political feelings and opinions of the operatives, we think we should not be far wrong in designating Mr. Cobbett as the father of the Unstamped Press. He suffered great annoyance

and fought many a hard battle on the subject of his Register, when he began to publish it without the stamp; and this, it is said, was one cause of his going to America at that time. Wooller's Black Dwarf served also a good campaign in the Unstamped service, and met with as much success as persecution. These publications are, however, of a much earlier date, and, in some respects, of different character from those to which we are now chiefly alluding. There are many persons, no doubt, who may argue that the fatherhood of the Unstamped should be divided between Mr. Cobbett and Lord Brougham; and perhaps, as far as the illegality or unfairness of such proceedings is concerned, there might be some grounds for argument; but we have previously drawn our line of distinction, and shall abide by it. The Penny Magazine is certainly not a newspaper-the Weekly Police Gazette certainly was. But the odious "Taxes upon Knowledge" (an insult to the freedom of the understanding on the very face of the wording!) are extremely difficult to be put in force, with definite justice; in numerous cases, so many evasions may be adopted. The National Omnibus* was a mixture of the newspaper and the literary gazette, and " each served either." As a proof of the difficulty there may be in determining the question, we may instance the Poor Man's Guardian, which was not, and is not, a newspaper; though it sometimes contains matter that makes it very like one. In a recent trial, it was pronounced not to be a newspaper; but the proprietor and publisher had suffered persecution upwards of three years before this verdict was given! The decision, therefore, came too late for justice. After a man has been worried and injured, he is told he was in the right-and there is an end of the business! It is yet more hard upon those who are remotely associated with him, and know no more of the contents of what they sell, than the keeper of a fruit-stall does of the pips in his apples.+

The tone in which most of these "violent small cubs" give vent, is characteristic, not only of what is called "early writing," but also of that primitive time when the passions were in their full strength, and reason scarcely extant. All individuals are influenced by their feelings,

and, in the absence of great general information, they naturally bring all the knowledge they possess of their own affairs to bear upon one point; and this exclusive view renders the concentration the more absorbing and incorrigible. The style in which these feelings and opinions of

Soon after the appearance of the National Omnibus -sold at one penny-a humorous speculator started another little vehicle of literature and politics, called The Cab, which was sold at one halfpenny. The Cab, however, soon went down.

The publisher of this little paper avers that "upwards of 500 persons were imprisoned and cruelly treated for vending The Poor Man's Guardian!"

the Unstamped find expression, is equally strong and awkward, racy and irregular, sincere-and unwashed. Short sentences, like right and left blows; long ones, wherein no time is given to breathe, and as though they had been written by a hand used to the flail; sometimes uncouth and hardly intelligible, and suddenly merging into an irregular blank verse; epithet crowding upon epithet, simile intervolved with simile and dis-simile; bad grammar, and ludicrous false figures of rhetoric:-such are the natural characteristics of these productions. As an instance of the latter, we recently met with the following :— :-"Let us no longer be subject to these monopolizers and capitalists-let us work for ourselves-let us make sail on our own ground!" And, by a droll coincidence, (for we will be bound it was quite original, or at least no plagiarism,) another writer, in a different paper, exclaims, "Let us get land,-we can do nothing without it,-for land is the fountain of all good!" If this be the case, we see no reason why they should not follow the advice of the former. But amidst all these errors, absurdities, and furious declamations,—in defiance of all laws, divine, human, and literary,- -we are compelled to deelare, that we often find some sterling fine writing in the Unstamped, where knowledge, judgment, and good feeling advocate the cause of Industry, with no mean eloquence.

The working classes are fast rising from the slough, and will soon cease to be mere drudging beasts of burden, and "machines for the creation of wealth," in which they are not allowed to participate sufficiently for the necessities of physical existence. They are beginning to read, to think, and to write. They often write gross nonsense, violent treason, and threaten utter demolition ; but sometimes they give us sound sense, and convince the understanding with arguments founded on moral truth and the just rights of humanity. Most of these productions are necessarily ephemeral. They rise,-utter whatever is uppermost in their minds and feelings,—and sink, like stones, in the surging waters of the time. Others rise in their place, to disappear as soon, either by prosecutions or by neglect ; the latter being more efficacious towards their cessation : they cannot easily be suppressed. But to those who watch the progress of things,-old philosophers and politicians of " keen eye,”-it may not be uninteresting to know and mark the qualities of these transient papers. We will, therefore, give illustrations of our previous remarks: and the following specimens of the Unstamped Press of London in 1834, may form, when the originals have long vanished for ever, a curious feature at some future time, in the records of the present interesting and exciting period.

As the Poor Man's Guardian has been honoured with the greatest share of attention by the Government, we shall begin with that, in conformity with the example of our betters. Any one number of these publications may generally be considered as a fair specimen of those that preceded it: we shall therefore take the last

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Friends, brethren, and fellow countrymen! You have doubtless heard of the bloody butchery of a soldier named Hutchinson, (by mistake called Henderson,) which took place a few days ago at the barracks at Charing Cross ? • And, first, observe, the battalion was commanded by Colonel Bowater. Mark this well. Remember the name Bowater, for we live in times when a scrupulous register should be kept of every *. Man has renounced his prototype, and made himself the image of the devil. Believe us, brother reformers, we are not acting a part, when we avow that the above recital has plunged us into a state of amazement and prostration which is utterly indescribable. When we reflect on the goodness of Almighty God, on the loveliness of his works, on the countless blessings with which he has stored the earth, and the exhaustless sources of ever-varying and innocent enjoyment he has opened to us, through our senses and reason when we reflect on these things, and contrast them with the realities before us, our soul sinks aghast from the picture, and feels as though it would burst with madness. Good God! what crime has the human race committed that it should be every where governed by

These gentry may say more than it would be at all wise in us to repeat. The writer traces all crimes and miseries to the unjust distribution of wealth

To the right by which one man claims (by force or fraud) the fruits of another's labour, without giving him an equivalent in exchange. This is the secret of all the crimes on earth. This is the original sin of the world. This is the father of all superstitions. This is the monster which sharpens the soldier's bayonet against his own brother, and knots the cat-o'-nine-tails against the soldier's back. Yes, brother reformers, "Properly is the great destroyer, HE it is who destroyed all the nations of antiquity, and is now working the downfal of all modern states. HE it is who darkens the priest's soul, who steels the usurer's heart, and fills the cup of life with gall and sorrow. In a word, it is "property," and "property" only, which has made a riddle of human nature, and

a pandemonium of the world.”

After enumerating the absorption of the products of industry, 66 one portion under the name of rent, another under that of tithes, a third under that of taxes, a fourth under that of tolls, a fifth under that of law expenses, a sixth under that of interest, a seventh (which is by far the greatest) under that of profits, and so on with commissions, agencies, brokerage, &c., to the end of the chapter;" he adds, "these and the like, are the pretences under which the useful classes are plundered, for the benefit of the useless."

Come, this is pretty well. If with no very argumentative logic, or evidence of financial knowledge, our author, at all events, contrives to give some very awkward hits at the landlords, the clergy, the lawyers, the shopkeepers, and the Grand-maternal Power! But surely we must feel very wondrously surprised at the Government, (judging by the three years' persecution of this paper,) putting on such a cap, and feeling sore, as though it were "a tight fit ?"

Now, as no man likes to be robbed, neither would the industrious classes submit to it if they could help it. Fraud alone is not sufficient to govern them; for though millions are blinded by the system, so as not to perceive

the nature or extent of the injustice done them, yet certain it is that millions also perceive it. To keep down these, there must be force as well as fraud. There must be bands of gens d'armes, and a standing army. There must be hordes of wretches trained to kill without compunction, and separated in feeling and habits from the rest of the community. There must, in fact, be soldiers,

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that is to say, machines, who must not think, nor act, except at the nod of who have an interest in brutalizing them. In short, to be the fit instruments of our slavery, they must be the most degraded of slaves themselves.

Such is the history of soldiers. And now to return to poor Hutchinson. From the bottom of our heart we sympathize with him. We loathe the reprobates who inflicted such horrible torture upon him. When we think of the writhings and maddening pain he must have suffered; and when we reflect that his torturers, who • and are among the of mankind, are fed at our expense, for no other purpose but that of murdering us, if we resist the tyranny that consumes us: when we reflect on this, we feel as though we could tear the • to pieces with as little remorse, as even they exhibit toward their victims.

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Those who write from the strength of the passions only, must address themselves only to the passions of others; and we consider the foregoing an ample illustration of some of our previous remarks on that score. The individual's sympathy with the sufferer is so intense, that he writes as though he felt the stroke of the lash himself; but he does not seem at all aware that no act of barbarous tyranny can ever be put down by furious language, which is only liable to aggravate to fresh outrages. The same "number" contains an article on Messrs. Cubitts and Co., builders, who had insisted, on pain of dismissal, that all their men should drink no other beer than that of Messrs. Combe and Delafield! Oh, land of Freedom!-happy John Bull!—what shall we hear of next? But let us see what the Poor Man's Guardian says; for all the remarks we might offer on the subject, would seem milk and water compared with his raw brandy.

A thousand thanks to Messrs. Cubitts and the company, for their valuable lecture on the necessity and advantages of union! They are evidently masters in the

art.

Let the men study under them; they cannot have better teachers. Such decisive acts as these are precisely the means to accelerate a crisis-to bring things to a close. None of your slow, trimming, creeping, cowardly acts of mongrel tyranny, which savour strong of Whiggism! Here is a decided bold act of genuine despotism, which, in the nature of things, has provoked, is provoking, and will provoke resistance correspondent.

It will put

the men on their mettle, and cause rebellion to come forth in majesty! The tyranny of the master tailors was nothing to this. That was tinkling with the little hammer: this is a blow with the big one; and a blow which has sounded through the kingdom. It will not only make the Unions now in existence stronger, but it will cause many new ones to spring up. It will teach the men what stuff their masters are made of, and what material they must be made of to cope with them :-it is another sitting got from the despotism of Money, towards the completion of the perfect picture :-it is not merely a step towards the finish of the present system, but it is a a leap-it is a new feature in the character of the nonproducers :—it will furnish materials of the first order for the consideration, discussion, and decision of the approaching meeting of the delegates from the Trades' Unions, and goes to illustrate the truth which we have stated before; viz., that tyranny carries in itself the means of its own destruction,-that it always pushes matters to suicidal extreme,—and that when submission to its mandates

is a greater punishment than the penalty which is attached to resistance,-a crisis to which it will always push matters, its reign is at an end! The less of two evils is necessarily chosen; tyranny is destroyed and freedom restored the latter is immortal-the former suicidal!.

The

We think His Majesty, Rebellion, must be highly gratified with this publication. writers in these and similar papers, do not see that our manifold abuses, the product of ages, cannot be reformed with safety to our social condition, except by the progress of a few years at least. Having nothing to lose themselves, and many just rights to gain, they do not see why it should not all be done at once? Their own social condition being deplorable and desperate, they of course care nothing about that of the other classes. This may be natural for them; but it is equally so in us to guard against anarchy. The Poor Man's Guardian would be more properly styled The Poor Man's Revenger, and Headstrong Friend. It is very liable to do their cause more harm than good, by exciting the working classes to a contest with the swords of power, (which might end very differently to what they expected) instead of exerting itself to make Public Opinion rise all over the country, armed with the strongest of all weapons-those of reason and the justified rights of mankind! Of the same kind, was the paper (since defunct) called the Republican, whose frequent exhortations to physical violence would subject it more justly to the appellation of The Red-hot Rebellion, or The Fire and Sword. The operatives were herein advised to study military manœuvres and organization, to practice the manual and platoon exercises, and to get pistols and learn to hit a mark. All those who could not afford to purchase one of these weapons, were earnestly recommended to form "Pistol Clubs" for that purpose, and practice in turn! The Guardian advised the same. We cannot speak largely from personal experience, but we have seen enough of service ourselves to know the difference between "The regulars" and "The awkward squad." Granting that the working classes, (whom we only designate as "awkward” in allusion to raw recruits,) proved victorious by their vast numbers in a struggle with the military, how disastrous might be the consequences! But would it not also be disastrous if many thousands of them were slain in the abortive attempt ? Most military men, however, laugh at the idea of such a contest. It may be thought by the superficial, that we are taking more notice of these publications than they are worth; that we are making them of far too much importance to dilate thus upon their random democracy, in a magazine which has always stood in the highest rank for steady intellect and general ability? We think otherwise. The circulation of the two only we have just named, varied at one time from thirty to forty thousand copies every week; and if we allow but four individuals to read each copy, this continual excitement of more than 100,000 of our countrymen, (and of that portion in whom reason and judgment are as yet very imperfectly developed,) is of considerable mi,

portance. And thus every sound politician will think, and feel thankful to us for giving him at one view, a clear insight into the whole mass of these weekly firebrands, and other (far more advantageous) advisers of the working classes.

We now come to a paper of a very different character, called The Crisis. This was started by the philanthrophist, Mr. Owen, and is generally headed by such mottoes as these:-"The Character of Man is formed for, and not by, the Individual." "If we cannot Reconcile all Opinions, let us Endeavour to Unite all Hearts," &c. We must confess we do not think either of these attempts at all likely to be crowned with success. Nor are we by any means sure—though this little production teems with fine and humane principles-that such a discourse as the following is calculated to conciliate the feelings of all classes :

Saturday, July 12. The leading article is a lecture from this text:-" Repent, and turn yourselves from all your transgressions; so iniquity shall not be your ruin.”

It has been the custom, for many generations, for the teachers of morality to inculcate the duty of individual repentance; and perhaps they scarcely ever imagined the possibility of a national repentance. This, according to all expounders of the sacred books, is a miracle which would require the interference of more than ordinary power to accomplish; for it is a circumstance which we have never witnessed, nor has history ever recorded it. We read of such things as national repentance in the Scriptures; of the people of Ninevah repenting in sackcloth and ashes at the preaching of Jonah, and the Jewish nation repenting after their own folly had brought them to the verge of national destruction; and we read, a few days ago, of the King of Bavaria's splendid penitential procession to intercede with Heaven for a little more rain to water the earth; and we have read of the penitence of monks and other holy men, who punished their bodies with stripes, with hunger, and iron beds, for the commission of sins which it was hard for them to avoid. But, with all these various kinds of repentance, the world has always been growing worse and worse; no beneficial change has ever been effected; the repentance was merely a hypocritical parade of grief, for what men either could not help, or did not strive to mend. •

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Our modern fast days are nothing else than this mock repentance, which is thought to be of such material importance as to call for an act of the Legislature to appoint it. On this occasion the people demonstrate the sincerity of their penitence by shutting up their shops and going to church, as if it were a Sunday; then going home again and spending the afternoon in a regular feast, without having discovered the error of their past conduct, or passed any resolutions to effect a change for the better ! The whole frame of society moves on to-morrow, as if no such farce as a national fast and humiliation had ever been acted. Thus no benefit results from the measure. The infidel laughs, and inquires the use of all such mummery; the Christian regrets that it is of no use, but attributes its failure to the want of sincerity on the part of the people. One party says it should have been a true fast, and that the people should have abstained from eating and drinking; another party says, that a spiritual fast is all that is meant that if the people had inwardly felt the error of their ways, and resolved to amend their faults in future, it would have been a blessing to the nation; and we say so too.

What would Sir Andrew Agnew, and his water-bottle holder, Mr. the cad to his But our lecturer

salt-fish Omnibus, say to this? proceeds, nothing daunted:

The thief, and the assailant, is a species of excrescence on the common morality of the age; teaching and preaching is of no use in its correction, for it listens not to ad

vice; but the common morality of the age is that which forms the character of the people, which regulates the intercourses of society, which makes governments good or bad, and the distribution of the wealth of society just or unjust.

Well, what is done to cure this morality of the age?— Nothing. It is never reproached, it is accounted the standard for rich and poor; if you attack it, you are accounted immoral, contemptuously styled an innovator, and a disturber of the public peace; nay, as if it was considered immaculate and perfect, if you propose to effect any improvement upon it, you are branded with immorality for your pains; so that the modern moralist and preacher of righteousness has nothing to do but merely to attack the grossest excesses of debauchery; and if he succeeds in reducing these, and bringing all men to the standard of common everyday morality, that is all he can do, or expects to do. Thus, then, the world is all right, and it is only a few drunkards and debauchees who are wrong! hence our moralists have long ago ceased to preach up a national repentance; they address themselves to individuals only, supposing that the only species of national repentance which ever can be effected is a national fast-day occasionally.

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The lecturer proceeds to show that we are by no means equal to the ancients in the science of forming a national character; that with them the education of the people was the most important concern of Government, and that their system of public instruction was directly the reverse of ours. The ancients made it attractive, in order to give it its full weight; and the public taste was consulted at the same time that morals were taught and vices corrected; and by thus producing a sympathy between the public mind and the public instruction, unity of sentiment was made current through the whole population;

Whereas our only national institution is one which loses all its effect upon the public mind, by being almost directly opposed to their feelings and interests. The church is hated by the common people, and is merely a political tool of the great; it has no moral influence on the public mind; it is only a sower of division amongst the people, stirring up all the worst passions of human nature, which it is paid largely out of the public purse to destroy. It aggravates the evil which it is hired to cure; and, to show its insincerity in the cause of reformation, it demands all its political and pecuniary privileges, even when it perceives its moral influence gone, and when the whole nation has declared it a public nui

sance.

Were the enormous revenues of the church expended upon a national institution, of which all would approve, that is, a scientific institution for adults, there are very few minds in the country so extremely barbarous, as not to give their sanction to the outlay of public money for such a purpose. Science has no party spirit, no sectarian feelings; men of all religious denominations would then meet together in brotherly love and affection, &c.

The drift of his argument, therefore, is, that it would be better to produce a universal increase of intelligence, and to instruct the people in things they can reduce to practice in the various avocations of life, than to waste millions in the support of a State Clergy, who do nothing to promote their knowledge or happiness-but everything to the contrary; and this is rapidly becoming the general opinion of the whole country.

Strange to say, it is those very religious characters, who profess to be the " most religious," who are the most averse to repent them of their iniquity," and do justice

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