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produced by this great author in the space of Heaven knows how, many of these busy-bodies

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have been beforehand with us, both in the genus and the species of our invention..

Although Sir Walter Scott is certainly in less danger from such detections than any other we have ever met with, even in him the traces of imitation are obvious and abundant; and it is impossible, therefore, to give him the same credit for absolute originality as those earlier writers, who, having no successful author to imitate, were obliged to copy directly from nature. In naming him along with Shakspeare, we mean still less to say, that he is to be put on a level with him, as to the richness and sweetness of his fancy, or that living vein of pure and lofty poetry which flows with such abundance through every part of his composition. On that level no other writer has ever stood, or will ever stand; though we do think that there are fancy and poetry enough in the Waverley Novels, if not to justify the comparison we have ventured to suggest, at least to save it from being altogether ridiculous. The variety stands out in the face of each of them, and the facility is attested, as in the case of Shakspeare himself, both by the inimitable freedom and happy carelessness of the style in which they are executed, and by the matchless rapidity with which they have been lavished on the public.

We must now, however, for the sake of keeping our chronology in order, be permitted to say a word or two on the most popular of these works.

It may, then, be fearlessly asserted that, since the time when Shakspeare wrote his thirty-eight plays in the brief space of his early manhood, there has been no such prodigy of literary fertility as the author of these novels. In a few brief years, he has founded a new school of invention, and embellished and endowed it with volumes of the most animated and original composition that have enriched British literature for a centu- The earlier novelists wrote at periods when sory-volumes that have cast into the shade all ciety was not perfectly formed, and we find that *contemporary prose, and, by their force of co- their picture of life was an embodying of their louring and depth of feeling, by their variety, own conceptions of the beau idéal. Heroes all vivacity, magical facility, and living presentment generosity, and ladies all chastity, exalted above of character, have rendered conceivable to this the vulgarities of society and nature, maintain, later age the miracles of the mighty dramatist. through eternal folios, their visionary virtues, Shakspeare is, undoubtedly, more purely origi-without the stain of any moral frailty, or the denal, but it must be remembered that, in his gradation of any human necessities. But this time, there was much less to borrow-and that he too has drawn freely and largely from the sources that were open to him, at least for his fable and graver sentiment; for his wit and humour, as well as his poetry, are always his own. In our times, all the higher walks of literature have been so long and so often trodden, that it is scarcely possible to keep out of the footsteps of some of our precursors; and the ancients, it is well known, have anticipated all our bright thoughts, and not only visibly beset all the obvious approaches to glory, but swarm in such ambushed multitudes behind, that when we think we have gone fairly beyond their plagiarisms, and honestly worked out an original excellence of our own, up starts some deep-read antiquary, and makes out, much to his own satisfaction, that,

high-flown style went out of fashion as the great mass of mankind hecame more informed of each other's feelings and concerns, and as nearer observation taught them that the real course of human life is a conflict of duty and desire, of virtue and passion, of right and wrong: in the description of which it is difficult to say whether uniform virtue, or unredeemed vice, would be in the greater degree tedious and absurd.

The novelists next endeavoured to exhibit a general view of society. The characters in Gil Blas and Tom Jones are not individuals so much as specimens of the human race; and these delightful works have been, are, and ever will be, popular; because they present lively and accurate delineations of the workings of the human soul, and that every man who reads them is

obliged to confess to himself, that, in similar circumstances with the personages of Le Sage and Fielding, he would probably have acted in the way in which they are described to have done.

From this species the transition to a third was natural. The first class was theory-it was improved into a genuine description, and that again led the way to a more particular classificationa copying not of man in general, but of men of a peculiar nation, profession, or temper, or to go a step further-of individuals.

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Celtic clans on the one hand,-and the dark, untractable, and domineering bigotry of the covenanters on the other. Both forms of society had indeed been prevalent in the other parts of the country, but had there been so long superseded by more peaceable habits, and milder manners, that their vestiges were almost effaced, and their very memory nearly forgotten.

The feudal principalities had been extinguished in the South for near three hundred years, and the dominion of the puritans from the time of the Restoration. When the glens of the central Highlands, therefore, were opened up to the gaze of the English, it seemed as if they were carried back to the days of the Heptarchy: when they saw the array of the West Country whigs, they

of Cromwell. The effect, indeed, is almost as startling at the present moment; and one great source of the interest which the novel of Waverley possesses is to be sought in the surprise that is excited by discovering, that in our own country, and almost in our own age, manners and characters existed, and were conspicuous, which we had been accustomed to consider as belonging to remote antiquity, or extravagant romance.

Thus Alexander and Cyrus could never have existed in human society they are neither French, nor English, nor Italian, because it is only allegorically that they are men. Tom Jones might have been a Frenchman, and Gil Blas an Englishman, because the essence of their charac-might imagine themselves transported to the age ters in human nature, and the personal situation of the individual, are almost indifferent to the success of the object which the author proposed to himself; while, on the other hand, the characters of the most popular novels of later times are Irish, or Scotch, or French, and not, in the abstract, men.-The general operations of nature are circumscribed to her effects on an individual character, and the modern novels of this class, compared with the broad and noble style of the earlier writers, may be considered as Dutch pictures, delightful in their vivid and minute details of common life, wonderfully entertaining to the close observer of peculiarities, and highly creditable to the accuracy, observation, and humour of the painter, but exciting none of those more exalted feelings, and giving none of those higher views of the human soul, which delight and exalt the mind of the spectator of Raphael, Corregio, or Murillo.

The object of WAVERLEY was evidently to present a faithful and animated picture of the manners and state of society that prevailed in the northern part of the island in the earlier part of last century; and the author judiciously fixed upon the era of the Rebellion in 1745, not only as enriching his pages with the interest inseparably attached to the narration of such occurrences, but as affording a fair opportunity for bringing out all the contrasted principles and habits which distinguished the different classes of persons who then divided the country, and formed among themselves the basis of almost all that was peculiar in the national character. That unfortunate contention brought conspicuously to light, and for the last time, the fading image of feudal chivalry in the mountains, and vulgar fanaticism in the plains; and startled the more polished parts of the land with the wild but brilliant picture of the elevated vafour, incorruptible fidelity, patriarchal brotherhood, and savage habits, of the

The way in which they are here represented must at once have satisfied every reader, by an internal tact and conviction, that the delineation had been made from actual experience and observation;-experienced observation employed perhaps only on a few surviving relics and specimens of what was familiar a little earlier, but generalized from instances sufficiently numerous and complete, to warrant all that may have been added to the portrait.

The great traits of clannish dependence, pride, and fidelity, may still be detected in many districts of the Highlands, though they do not now adhere to the chieftains when they mingle in general society; and the existing contentions of burghers and antiburghers, and cameronians, though shrunk into comparative insignificance, and left indeed without protection to the ridicule of the profane, may still be referred to as complete verifications of all that is here stated about Gifted Gilfillan, or Ebenezer Cruickshanks. The traits of Scottish national character in the lower ranks can still less be regarded as antiquated or traditional; nor is there any thing in the whole compass of the work which gives us a stronger impression of the nice observation and graphical talents of Sir Walter, than the extraordinary fidelity and felicity with which all the inferior agents in the story are represented. No one who has not lived long among the lower orders of all descriptions, and made himself familiar

with their various tempers and dialects, can per- ly have ventured in a sketch that was purely ceive the full merit of those rapid and charac- ideal. The reader, too, who by these or still teristic sketches; but it requires only a general finer indications, speedily comes to perceive that knowledge of human nature, to feel that they he is engaged with scenes and characters that are must be faithful copies from known originals; copied from existing originals, naturally lends a and to be aware of the extraordinary facility and more eager attention to the story in which they flexibility of hand which has touched, for in- are unfolded, and regards with a keener interest stance, with such discriminating shades, the va- what he no longer considers as a bewildering serious gradations of the Celtic character, from the ries of dreams and exaggerations, but as an insavage imperturbability of Dugald Mahony, who structive exposition of human actions and enerstalks grimly about with his battle-axe on his gies, and of all the singular modifications which shoulder, without speaking a word to any body, our plastic nature receives from the circumstances to the lively unprincipled activity of Callum Beg, with which it is surrounded. the coarse unreflecting hardihood and heroism of Evan Maccombich, and the pride, gallantry, elegance, and ambition of Fergus himself. In the lower class of the Lowland characters, again, the vulgarity of Mrs Flockhart and of Lieutenant Jinker is perfectly distinct and original, as well as the puritanism of Gilfillan and Cruickshanks, the depravity of Mrs Mucklewrath, and the slow solemnity of Alexander Saunderson. The Baron of Bradwardine, and Baillie Macwheebie, are caricatures no doubt, after the fashion of the caricatures in the novels of Smollett,-unique and extraordinary; but almost all the other personages in the history are fair representations of classes that are still existing, or may be remembered at least to have existed, by many whose recollections do not extend quite so far back as the year 1745.

The successful reception of Waverley was owing not only to the author's being a man of genius, but that he had also virtue enough to be true to nature throughout, and to content himself, even in the marvellous parts of his story, with copying from actual existences, rather than from the phantasms of his own imagination. The charm hich this communicates to all works that deal in the representation of human actions and characters is more readily felt than understood, and operates with unfailing efficacy even upon those who have no acquaintance with the originals from which the picture has been borrowed. It requires no ordinary talent, indeed, to chuse such realities as may outshine the bright imaginations of the inventive, and so to combine them as to produce the most advantageous effect; but when this is once accomplished, the result is sure to be something more firm, impressive, and engaging, than can ever be produced by mere fiction. There is a consistency in nature and truth, the want of which may always be detected in the happiest combinations of fancy; and the consciousness of their support gives a confidence and assurance to the artist, which encourages him occasionally to risk a strength of colouring, and a boldness of touch, upon which he would scarce

Although GOY MANNERING is a production far below Waverley, it is still a work of considerable merit. Its inferiority to Waverley is, however, very decided, not only as to general effect, but in every individual topic of interest. The story is less probable, and is carried on with much machinery and effort; the incidents are less natural; the characters are less distinctly painted, and less worth painting; in short, the whole tone of the book is pitched in an inferior key.

The gratuitous introduction of supernatural agency in some parts of this novel is certainly to be disapproved of. Even Shakspeare, who has been called the mighty magician, was never guilty of this mistake. His magic was employed in fairy-land, as in the Tempest; and his ghosts and goblins in dark ages, as in Macbeth and Hamlet. When he introduces a witch in Henry VI., it is because, historically, his representation was true; when he exhibits the perturbed dreams of a murderer, in Richard III., it was because his representation was morally probable; but he never thought of making these fancies actual agents in an historical scene. There are no ghosts in Henry VIII., and no witches in the Merry Wives of Windsor (except the merry ladies); and when, in one of his comedies, he chuses to wander out of nature, he modestly calls his drama a dream, and mixes up fairies, witches, mythology, and common life, as a brilliant extravaganza, which affects no historical nor even possible truth, and which pretends to represent neither actual nor possible nature. Not so Guy Mannering: it brings down witchery and supernatural agency into our own times, not to be laughed at by the better informed, or credited by the vulgar; but as an active, effective, and real part of his machinery. It treats the supernatural agency not as a superstition, but as a truth; and the result is brought about, not by the imaginations of men deluded by a fiction, but by the actual operation of a miracle, contrary to the opinion and belief of all the parties concerned.

The ANTIQUARY is not free from this blame; there are two or three marvellous dreams and

ries.

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apparitions, upon which the author probably in- | of a Scotch cow-feeder might not be supposed to tended to ground some important parts of his de- say or to do—and scarcely any thing indeed that nouement; but his taste luckily took fright: the is not characteristic of her rank and habitual ocapparitions do not contribute to the catastrophe, cupations. She is never sentimental, nor refined, and they now appear in the work as marks ra- nor elegant; and though always acting in very ther of the author's own predilection to such difficult situations, with the greatest judgment agency, than as any assistance to him in the way of and propriety, never seems to exert more than machinery. that downright and obvious good sense, which is The Heart of Mid-LOTHIAN, is remarkable for so often found to rule the conduct of persons of containing fewer characters, and less variety of her condition. This is the great ornament and incident, than any of Sir Walter's former produc- charm of the work. Dumbiedikes is, however, tions:-and it is accordingly, in some places, an admirable sketch in the grotesque way;-and comparatively languid. The Porteous mob is the Captain of Knockdunder is not only a very rather heavily described; and the whole part of spirited, but also a very accurate representation George Robertson, or Staunton, is extravagant or of a Celtic deputy. There is less description of unpleasing. The final catastrophe, too, is need-scenery, and less sympathy in external nature in lessly improbable and startling; and both Saddle- this, than in any of the other tales. tree and Davie Deans, become at last rather te- The BRIDE OF LAMMERMOOR is more sketchy and dious and unreasonable; while we miss, through-romantic than the usual vein of the author-and out, the character of the generous and kind-loses, perhaps, in the exaggeration that is incihearted rustic, which in one form or another, dent to the style, some of the deep and heart-felt gives such spirit and interest to the former sto-interest that belongs to more familiar situations. But with all these defects, the work has The humours of Caleb Balderstone are, to our both beauty and power enough to vindicate its taste, the least successful of this author's attempts title to a legitimate descent from its mighty fa- at pleasantry,-and belong rather to the school ther-and even to a place in the valued file» of French or Italian buffoonery, than to that of of his productions. The trial and condemnation English humour;-and yet, to give scope to these of Effie Deans are pathetic and beautiful in the farcical exhibitions, the poverty of the master of very highest degree; and the scenes with the Ravenswood is exaggerated beyond all credibility, Duke of Argyle are equally full of spirit; and and to the injury even of his personal dignity. strangely compounded of perfect knowledge of Sir William Ashton is tedious; and Bucklaw and life, and strong and deep feeling. But the great his captain, though excellently drawn, take up boast of the piece, and the great exploit of the rather too much room for subordinate agents. author, is the character and history of Jeanie There are splendid things, however, in this work Deans, from the time she first reproves her sister's also. The picture of old Ailie is exquisite-and flirtations at St Leonard's, till she settles in the beyond the reach of any other living writer. manse in Argyleshire. The singular talent with The hags that convene in the church-yard have which he has engrafted on the humble and some- all the terror and sublimity, and more than the what coarse stock of a quiet and unassuming pea- nature of Macbeth's witches; and the courtship sant girl, the powerful affection, the strong sense, at the Mermaiden's well, as well as some of the and lofty purposes, which distinguish the heroine immediately preceding scenes, are full of dignity -or rather the art with which he has so tem- and beauty. The catastrophe of the bride, though pered and modified those great qualities, as to it may be founded on fact, is too horrible for make them appear noways unsuitable to the station | fiction. But that of Ravenswood is magnificent or ordinary bearing of such a person, and so or--and, taken along with the prediction which it dered and disposed the incidents by which they are was doomed to fulfil, and the mourning and death called out, that they seem throughout adapted, of Balderstone, is one of the finest combinations and native, as it were, to her condition, is su- of superstition and sadness, which the gloomy geperior to any thing we can recollect in the his- nius of our fiction ever put together. tory of invention; and must appear to any one, who attentively considers it, as a remarkable triumph over the greatest of all difficulties, in the conduct of a fictitious narrative. Jeanie Deans, in the course of her adventurous undertaking, excites our admiration and sympathy more powerfully than most heroines, and is in the highest degree both pathetic and sublime ;- and yet she never says or does any thing that the daughter

The LEGEND OF MONTROSE is also of the nature of a sketch or fragment, and is still more vigourous than its companion. There is too much, perhaps, of Dalgetty—or, rather, he engrosses too great a proportion of the work; for, in himself, we think he is uniformly entertaining; - and the author has nowhere shown more affinity to that matchless spirit, who could bring out his Falstaffs and his Pistols, in act after act, and play after

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play, and exercise them every time with scenes of and copious orations, we have plays, poems, and unbounded loquacity, without either exhausting familiar letters of the former period; while of the their humour, or varying a note from its charac- latter we have only some vague chronicles, suteristic tone, than in his ample and reiterated perstitious legends, and a few fragments of fospecimens of the eloquence of the redoubted Ritt- reign romance. We scarcely know indeed what master. The general idea of the character is fa- language was then either spoken or written. Yet, miliar to our comic dramatists after the Restora- with all these helps, how cold and conjectural a tion-and may be said, in some measure, to be thing would a novel be, of which the scene was compounded of Captain Fluellen and Bobadil; laid in ancient Rome! The author might talk --but the ludicrous combination of the soldado with perfect propriety of the beauties of the Fowith the student of Mareschal College is entirely rum, and the arrangements of the circus—of the original; and the mixture of talent, selfishness, baths and the suppers, and the canvass for office, courage, coarseness, and conceit, was never so and the sacrifices, and musters, and assemblies. happily exemplified. Numerous as his speeches He might be quite correct as to the dress, furniare, there is not one that is not characteristic―ture, and utensils he had occasion to mention;

and, to our taste, divertingly ludicrous. Anuot and might even embody in his work various anecLyle, and the Children of the Mist, are in a very dotes and sayings preserved in contemporary audifferent manner, and are full of genius and thors. But when he came to represent the depoetry. The whole of the scenes at Argyle's tails of individual character and feeling, and to castle, and in the escape from it--though delineate the daily conduct, and report the orditrespassing too far beyond the bounds of proba-nary conversation of his persons, he would find bility-are given with great spirit and effect; himself either frozen in among barren generaand the mixture of romantic incident and situa-lities, or engaged with modern Englishmen in the tion, with the tone of actual business, and the masquerade habits of antiquity. real transactions of a camp, give a life and interest to the warlike part of the story, which belong to the fictions of no other hand.

From the Tales of My Landlord we must pass rapidly over to the beautiful romance of IVANHOE, the story of which is entirely English, and the time laid as far back as the reign of Richard I., the Saxons and Normans of which age are less known to us than the Highlanders and cameronians of the present. This was the great difficulty the author had to contend with, and the great disadvantage of the subject with which he had to deal. Nobody now alive can have a very clear conception of the actual way of life, and manière d'être of our ancestors in the year 1194. Some of the more prominent outlines of their chivalry, their priesthood, and their villamage, may be known to antiquaries, or even to general readers; but all the filling up and details, which alone can give body and life to the picture, have been long since effaced by time. We have scarcely any notion, in short, of the private life and conversation of any class of persons in that remote period; and, in fact, know less how the men and women occupied and amused themselves -what they talked about-how they looked-or what they actually thought or felt, at that time in England, than we know of what they did or thought at Rome in the time of Augustus, or at Athens in the time of Pericles. The memorials and relics of those earlier ages and remoter uations are greatly more abundant and more familiar to us, than those of our ancestors at the distance of seven centuries. Besides ample histories

In stating these difficulties, however, we really mean less to account for the defects, than to enhance the merits of the work we are treating of. For though the author has not worked impossibilities, he has done wonders with his subject; and though we do sometimes miss those fresh and living pictures of the characters which we know, and the nature with which we are familiar, and that high and deep interest which the home scenes of our own times and own people could alone generate or sustain, it is impossible to deny that he has made marvellous good use of the scanty materials he had at his disposal, and eked them out both by the greatest skill and dexterity in their arrangement, and by all the resources that original genius could render subservient to such a design. For this purpose he has laid his scene in a period when the rivalry of the victorious Normans and the conquered Saxons had not been finally composed; and when the courtly petulance and chivalrous and military pride of the one race might yet be set in splendid opposition to the manly steadiness and honest but homely simplicity of the other; and has, at the same time, given an air both of dignity and reality to his story, by bringing in the personal prowess of Cœur de Lion himself, and other personages of historical fame, to assist in its development. Though reduced in a great measure to the vulgar staple of armed knights, and jolly friars and woodmen, imprisoned damsels, lawless barons, collared serfs, and household fools, he has made such use of his great talents for description, and invested those traditional and theatrical persons

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